Table 2.

Deviation assessment of robotic-assisted screw placement compared to pre-operative planned trajectory

	Tip distance (mm)	Tail distance (mm)	Angular offset (degrees)
Case 1
Left L4	0.9	2.4	2.3
Right L4	1.9	3.1	3.8
Left L5	0.8	3.1	2.9
Right L5	1.6	3.8	3.0
Case 2
Left L4	5.2	5.4	1.8
Right L4	1.5	0.9	0.7
Left L5	2.9	2.9	1.8
Right L5	2.1	3.8	2.8
Average	2.1 mm	3.2 mm	2.4 degrees