Table 4.

Effect of Probiotics/Prebiotics Supplementation on Gut Microbiota Recovery Among HIV Patients

AuthorRef.	Type of probiotics/prebiotics	Duration	Specimen type	Methods	Major finding
Villar-Garcia et al.10	Saccharomyces boulardii	12 Weeks	Stool and blood sample	16S rDNA	After probiotics supplementation, Clostridiales species level decreased compared with the control group.
Deusch et al.50	scGOS/lcFOS/glutamine	6 Weeks	Stool sample	Shotgun proteomics 16S rDNA	Bifido bacteria increased in abundance in IR and VU (74-fold) patients after prebiotics intake.
d'Ettorre et al.57	High concentration lyophilized multi-strain probiotic	6 Months	Large and small intestine biopsy and blood sample	PCR, RPMI media	After 2 months of probiotics supplementation, Bifido bacteria spp. increased (p < .019) and it remained stable until the end of the study.
d'Ettorre et al.61	Dietary supplement with probiotics	48 Months	Blood sample	Minus One method (FMO)	Translocation markers, elevated hsCRP (45%–20%), and the percentage of CD4+ CD38+HLA-DR+ T cell (p < .001) show a significant reduction after probiotics consumption.
Scheri et al.62	Probiotics preparations contain live bacteria	6 Months	Blood and stool sample	QIAamp (PCR)	The serum level of CD4+CD38+HLA−DR+ T cells shows a statistically significant reduction at 6 months compared with time zero (p = .008), and Bifidobacteria spp. increased in all patients (p = .019) after probiotics.
Serrano-Villar et al.65	scGOS/lcFOS/glutamine	6 Weeks	Stool sample	16S rRNA	T cell activation decreased in VU (p = .006) and INR groups (p = .04) concomitantly, and microbiota structure changed in β diversity analysis after probiotics intervention.

FMO, fluorescence minus one method; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.