TABLE 2.
Change from baseline in anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and dietary intake parameters in response to increase in dairy intake in the ITT population
| Control group (n = 38) | Low-fat group (n = 36) | High-fat group (n = 37) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 wk | 24 wk | 12 wk | 24 wk | 12 wk | 24 wk | P 4 | P5 | P6 | |
| Total daily energy intake, kcal | 67 (−97, 231) | 90 (−92, 273) | 124 (−45, 293) | 26 (−168, 220) | 272 (105, 439) | 255 (64, 446) | 0.33 | 0.6 | 0.006 |
| Energy from total fat, % | 0.2 (−2.3, 2.8) | 2.8 (0.2, 5.3)1 | −3.7 (−6.4, −1.1)2 | −6.0 (−8.9, −3.0)3 | 0.7 (−2.0, 3.3) | 2.5 (−0.4, 5.4) | 0.00007 | 0.0001 | 0.4 |
| Energy from saturated fat, % | −0.3 (−1.7, 1.1) | −0.1 (−1.5, 1.3) | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.6) | −1.9 (−3.3, −0.4)1 | 2.9 (1.4, 4.4)3 | 3.6 (2.2, 5.1)3 | 0.00002 | 0.00004 | 0.3 |
| Energy from carbohydrate, % | −0.3 (−3.1, 2.5) | −1.6 (−4.7, 1.5) | −0.8 (−3.6, 2.1) | 1.9 (−1.3, 5.2) | −1.8 (−4.6, 1.0) | −3.4 (−0.2, −6.7)1 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.23 |
| Energy from protein, % | −0.2 (−2.0, 1.6) | −0.7 (−2.5, 1.1) | 4.6 (2.7, 6.4)3 | 4.5 (2.6, 6.4)3 | 0.6 (−1.3, 2.4) | 0.8 (−1.1, 2.7) | 0.0014 | 0.00002 | 0.0058 |
| HbA1c, % | 0.1 (−0.19, 0.4) | 0.02 (−0.34, 0.39) | 0.31 (0.01, 0.6) | 0.37 (−0.02, 0.77) | 0.25 (−0.05, 0.54) | 0.23 (−1.16, 0.6) | 0.77 | 0.32 | 0.04 |
| Body weight, kg | 0.7 (0, 1.4) | 0.7 (−0.1, 1.6) | 0.1 (−0.7, 0.8) | −0.2 (−1, 0.6) | 0.6 (−0.1, 1.3) | 1 (0.1, 1.8) | 0.4 | 0.25 | 0.08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.2 (−0.03, 0.44) | 0.23 (−0.03, 0.5) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.26) | −0.09 (−0.37, 0.2) | 0.18 (−0.06, 0.41) | 0.32 (0.04, 0.61) | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.09 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4) | 2.0 (−0.3, 4.4) | −0.6 (−2.5, 1.2) | −0.4 (−3.0, 2.2) | 0.7 (−1.1, 2.5) | 0.6 (−1.9, 3.0) | 0.45 | 0.6 | 0.46 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 2.4 (0.6, 4.1)2 | 2.4 (0.1, 4.7)1 | 0.6 (−1.2, 2.4) | 1.3 (−1.3, 3.9) | −1.6 (−3.3, 0.2) | 0.4 (−2.0, 2.7) | 0.045 | 0.5 | 0.16 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0 (−0.02, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.03, 0.003) | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.001) | 0.02 (0.0003, 0.04) | 0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.5 |
| Body fat, % | −0.9 (−2.6, 0.8) | 0.8 (−1.2, 2.7) | −0.9 (−2.6, 0.8) | −1.6 (−3.7, 0.6) | −0.8 (−2.5, 0.8) | −1.4 (−3.4, 0.9) | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.06 |
| Fat mass, kg | −0.7 (−4.2, 2.7) | −1.3 (−5.3, 2.7) | −2.8 (−6.4, 0.7) | −2.6 (−7.2, 1.9) | −2.5 (−6, 1) | −1.3 (−5.5, 2.8) | 0.9 | 0.37 | 0.08 |
| Fat-free mas, kg | 2.2 (−4.2, 8.7) | −2.3(−8.5, 3.8) | −3.5 (−10.2, 3.2) | 0.8(−6.1, 7.7) | −1 (−7.4, 5.5) | 1.2 (−5.1, 7.5) | 0.44 | 0.12 | 0.9 |
| Total body water, kg | 1.7 (−3.1, 6.4) | −1.7 (−6.2, 2.7) | −2.6 (−7.5, 2.3) | 0.5 (−4.4, 5.6) | −0.7 (−5.4, 4) | 1.3 (−3.3, 5.9) | 0.4 | 0.14 | 0.9 |
| Trunk fat, % | 0.5 (−0.8, 1.8) | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.7, 2) | −0.2 (−1.7, 1.3) | −0.5 (−1.8, 0.7) | −0.4 (−1.8, 1) | 0.7 | 0.12 | 0.67 |
| Visceral fat, arbitrary units | −0.1 (−1.1, 0.9) | −0.3 (−1.6, 0.9) | 0.06 (−1, 1.1) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1.2) | −0.4 (−1.4, 0.6) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1) | 0.9 | 0.32 | 0.8 |
| CRP, mg/L | −0.3 (−2.2, 1.6) | 1.2 (−1.1, 3.6) | −2 (−0.1, −3.9) | −2 (−4.5, 0.5) | −1.6 (−3.4, 0.3) | −1.5 (−3.9, 0.9) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 3 (−18, 23) | −13 (−36, 10) | 12 (−9, 33) | −2 (−26, 22) | −3 (−24, 18) | −15 (−38, 9) | 0.88 | 0.2 | 0.03 |
| HOMA-IR | 0 (−9.4, 9.3) | −1.3 (−10.8, 8.3) | 0.4 (−9.2, 9.9) | −0.6 (−11.0, 9.8) | −1.0 (−10, 8) | 10.6 (0.8, 20.4) | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.5 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | −2 (−7, 3) | −5 (−10, 1) | −5 (−10, 1) | −1 (−7, 5) | −1 (−7, 4) | 1 (−5, 6) | 0.39 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | −2 (−5, 1) | −2 (−5, 1) | −1 (−4, 2) | 2 (−1, 5) | 2(−1, 5) | −1 (−4, 3) | 0.16 | 0.75 | 0.8 |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | −1 (−8, 7) | 1 (−10, 11) | −2 (−9, 6) | 4 (−8, 15) | 1 (−6, 8) | 13 (2, 24) | 0.6 | 0.22 | 0.16 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | −1 (−3, 1) | 0 (−2, 2) | −4 (−6, −2) | −1 (−3, 1) | 1 (−1, 4) | 1 (−2, 3) | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.33 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 0 (−7, 7) | 0 (−11, 10) | −1 (−8, 6) | 5 (−7, 16) | −3 (−10, 3) | 7 (−3, 18) | 0.68 | 0.23 | 0.2 |
| VLDL-C, mg/dL | 0 (−3, 4) | 2 (−2, 6) | 3 (−1, 7) | 4 (−1, 9) | 4 (0.3, 8) | 6 (1, 10) | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 14 (−32, 61) | 17 (−10, 43) | 51 (4, 99) | 10 (−19, 39) | 11 (−36, 58) | 18 (−10, 45) | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.07 |
Data are mean (95% CI).
1
P < 0.05.
2
P < 0.01.
3
P < 0.001 compared with baseline.
4
P value for group*time interaction.
5
P value for group effect.
6
P value for time effect.
P values calculated from unadjusted analyses using a linear mixed-effects model (analogous to repeated-measures ANOVA; PROC MIXED) with group, visit, and group-by-visit interaction as fixed effects and subject as a random effect.
CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.