TABLE 2.
Age- and sex-adjusted baseline characteristics of participants for total sample and percentile categories of total flavonoid intake1
| Total flavonoid intake percentile category | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total sample (n = 2801)2 | ≤15th (n = 421) | >15th to 30th (n = 419) | >30th to 60th (n = 841) | >60th (n = 1120) | P-trend3 |
| Total flavonoid intake,4 mg/d | 212.7 (2.3, 2323) | 62.1 (2.3, 93.2) | 117.4 (93.3, 140.9) | 192.2 (141.0, 260.7) | 421.1 (260.8, 2323) | |
| Age,5 y | 59.1 (58.9, 59.4) | 58.0 (57.3, 58.7) | 59.3 (58.6, 60.0) | 58.9 (58.4, 59.4) | 59.7 (59.2, 60.1) | 0.001 |
| Female,6 % | 52.0 (50.2, 53.9) | 46.2 (41.5, 51.0) | 51.1 (46.3, 55.9) | 50.2 (46.8, 53.5) | 55.9 (53.0, 58.9) | <0.001 |
| Education: at least college degree,2, 6 % | 60.4 (58.6, 62.3) | 46.8 (42.1, 51.5) | 57.3 (52.7, 62.0) | 62.1 (58.8, 65.4) | 65.5 (62.6, 68.3) | <0.001 |
| apoE ε4 allele,2, 6 % | 22.4 (20.8, 24.0) | 20.6 (16.4, 24.8) | 21.2 (17.0, 25.3) | 22.7 (19.8, 25.6) | 23.4 (20.9, 25.9) | 0.23 |
| Total energy intake,5 kcal/d | 1835 (1813, 1858) | 1420 (1366, 1474) | 1649 (1595, 1703) | 1851 (1813, 1889) | 2051 (2018, 2084) | <0.001 |
| PAI,2, 5 Mets | 34.5 (34.2, 34.7) | 33.8 (33.2, 34.4) | 34.2 (33.6, 34.8) | 34.6 (34.2, 35.0) | 34.7 (34.3, 35.0) | 0.03 |
| Current smoker,2, 6 % | 17.3 (15.9, 18.7) | 34.0 (30.4, 37.5) | 19.2 (15.6, 22.7) | 14.2 (11.7, 16.7) | 12.7 (10.5, 14.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI,2, 5 kg/m2 | 27.8 (27.6, 28.0) | 28.3 (27.8, 28.7) | 28.1 (27.7, 28.6) | 28.1 (27.7, 28.4) | 27.2 (26.9, 27.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes,2, 6 % | 9.2 (8.2, 10.3) | 8.6 (5.9, 11.4) | 10.7 (8.0, 13.5) | 8.5 (6.5, 10.4) | 9.5 (7.8, 11.2) | 0.84 |
| Hypertension,6 % | 61.7 (59.9, 63.4) | 61.4 (56.9, 66.0) | 64.4 (59.8, 68.9) | 61.3 (58.1, 64.5) | 61.0 (58.2, 63.8) | 0.51 |
| Stroke,6 % | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.5 (0.5, 2.5) | 1.2 (0.2, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.25 |
| Hypercholesterolemia,2, 6 % | 63.0 (61.3, 64.8) | 63.2 (58.6, 67.7) | 64.9 (60.4, 69.5) | 65.9 (62.7, 69.1) | 60.1 (57.3, 63.0) | 0.03 |
| DGAI2, 5 | 60.4 (60.0, 60.8) | 51.3 (50.3, 52.3) | 58.1 (57.1, 59.1) | 61.4 (60.6, 62.1) | 64.1 (63.5, 64.7) | <0.001 |
| ω-3 fatty acid intake: EPA and DHA,5 g/d | 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) | 0.19 (0.17, 0.22) | 0.23 (0.21, 0.25) | 0.25 (0.24, 0.27) | 0.30 (0.29, 0.32) | <0.001 |
| Lutein and zeaxanthin intake,5 µg/d | 3258 (3159, 3358) | 1956 (1708, 2204) | 2639 (2391, 2888) | 3249 (3073, 3424) | 3991 (3839, 4144) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake,5 g/d | 10.9 (10.3, 11.5) | 9.5 (7.9, 11.1) | 9.3 (7.7, 10.9) | 12.2 (11.1, 13.3) | 11.1 (10.2, 12.1) | 0.15 |
| Multivitamin and mineral supplement use,6 % | 29.1 (27.4, 30.8) | 23.4 (19.1, 27.8) | 26.4 (22.1, 30.7) | 29.1 (26.1, 32.2) | 32.2 (29.5, 34.8) | 0.001 |
Age and sex-adjusted mean or prevalence (95% CIs) of characteristics for members of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort at the fifth through the eighth exam cycles based on analysis of covariance. DGAI, Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index; Mets, metabolic equivalents ; PAI, physical activity index.
Number missing: education, 127; apoE ε4, 161; PAI, 142; smoking, 2; BMI, 7; diabetes, 12; hypercholesterolemia, 10; DGAI, 266.
P values represent the test of linear trend across percentile categories of total flavonoid intake and were based on linear regression models with the median intake of each percentile category assigned to individuals with intake in that category, and this quartile median variable was used as a continuous measure in the regression models.
Values are medians; minimum and maximum in parentheses.
All values are age- and sex-adjusted (least-squares) means; 95% CIs in parentheses.
All values are age- and sex-adjusted (least-squares) percentages; 95% CIs in parentheses.