TABLE 4.
Study 1: overall effects of diet on hemostatic factors in healthy and metabolically unhealthy participants1
| Factor VIIc (n = 103), % | Fibrinogen (n = 103), mg/dL | PAI-1 square root (n = 102), ng/mL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 diets | |||
| AAD | 89.1 ± 1.5 | 276.6 ± 4.4 | 2.81 ± 0.15 |
| Step 1 | 87.5 ± 1.5 | 279.9 ± 4.4 | 2.81 ± 0.15 |
| Low-Sat | 86.8 ± 1.5 | 284.3 ± 4.4 | 2.97 ± 0.15 |
| Difference: Step 1 – AAD | |||
| Estimate ± SE | −1.6 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 2.7 | 0.00 ± 0.06 |
| 99% CI | (−3.0, −0.2) | (−3.6, 10.2) | (−0.15, 0.15) |
| Pairwise P value | 0.00322 | 0.2153 | 0.9925 |
| Percentage change of means | −1.8 ± 0.63 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 2.0 |
| Difference: Low-Sat – AAD | |||
| Estimate ± SE | −2.3 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 0.17 ± 0.06 |
| 99% CI | (−3.7, −0.9) | (0.9, 14.6) | (0.02, 0.31) |
| Pairwise P value | ≤0.00012 | 0.0036 | 0.0037 |
| Percentage change of means | −2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 2.0 |
| Difference: Low-Sat – Step 1 | |||
| Estimate ± SE | −0.7 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 2.7 | 0.16 ± 0.06 |
| 99% CI | (−2.1, 0.68) | (−2.4, 11.3) | (0.02, 0.31) |
| Pairwise P value | 0.18532 | 0.0938 | 0.0038 |
| Percentage change of means | −0.8 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 2.0 |
| Overall P value | 0.00012 | 0.0141 | 0.0037 |
Each entry is the estimated mean ± 1 SE obtained via a linear mixed-effects model accounting for diet, feeding period, center, race, and gender/age group. All PAI-1 values were missing for 1 participant. All analytes were measured in plasma. AAD, average American diet; Low-Sat, low-SFA diet; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
In terms of mean differences, the pairwise null hypotheses (“no difference between the 2 diets in the target population”) were tested using the Marcus-Peritz-Gabriel closed hierarchical multiple-comparisons procedure (47): each pairwise null hypothesis is rejected only if its F-test P value is less than α = 0.01 and the F-test P value for the overall null hypothesis (“no differences among the 3 diets in the target population”) is also less than α = 0.01. Tests observed to be not statistically significant are inconclusive; all statistical test procedures are, by design, incapable of establishing that the null hypothesis is true. In contrast, the point and interval estimates are always informative to some degree.
Percentage change in the mean from AAD ± 1 SE.