hMOs (2′-FL and 3-FL) and hMO's acid hydrolysis product (LNT2) differently modulate gene expression of glycocalyx-related molecules, antimicrobial peptide, and tight junction when intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells are exposed to the commensal bacterium Lactobacillus plantarumWCFS1. (A, B) GPC1, (C, D) HAS2, (E, F) HAS3, and (G, H) EXT2 gene expression of the glycocalyx with 2′-FL, 3-FL, and LNT2 stimulation in the presence of L. plantarumWCFS1 under static conditions and shear force, respectively; (I, J) DEFB1 gene expression of 1 antimicrobial peptide with 2′-FL, 3-FL, and LNT2 stimulation in the presence of L. plantarumWCFS1 under static conditions and shear force, respectively; (K, L) TJP1 and (M, N) CLDN3 gene expression of the tight junction protein with 2′-FL, 3-FL, and LNT2 stimulation in the presence of L. plantarumWCFS1 under static conditions and shear force, respectively. Values are means ± SDs, n = 6. Asterisks indicate different from control: *P <0.05, **P <0.01. CLDN3, claudin 3; DEFB1, defensin β-1; EXT, exostosin glycosyltransferase; FL, fucosyllactose; GPC1, glypican 1; HAS, hyaluronan synthase; hMO, human milk oligosaccharide; LNT2, lacto-N-triose II; TJP1, tight junction protein 1.