TABLE 4.
Apparent iron, vitamin A, and iodine intakes (measured and potential) from fortified foods as a percentage of requirements among WRA1
| Nutrient intake as % of EAR, median [IQR] | Nutrient intake as % of RNI, median [IQR] | % of women with nutrient intake > UL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Measured2 | Potential3 | Measured | Potential | Measured | Potential | |
| Iron | |||||||
| Nigeria (Kano)4 | 782 | —5 | —5 | 12.9 [6.3–22.0] | 64.8 [31.6–107] | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Nigeria (Lagos)4 | 677 | —5 | —5 | 7.0 [2.3–14.7] | 19.1 [6.3–40.1] | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| South Africa (Eastern Cape)6 | 198 | —5 | —5 | 10.7 [6.6–17.2] | 22.2 [13.2–36.8] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| South Africa (Gauteng)6 | 221 | —5 | —5 | 11.0 [7.6–17.0] | 21.9 [15.1–34.0] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tanzania6 | 931 | —5 | —5 | 0.0 [0.0–15.2] | 13.5 [0.0–33.8] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Uganda6 | 719 | —5 | —5 | 0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 0.0 [0.0–11.0] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Vitamin A | |||||||
| Nigeria (Kano)7 | 783 | 125 [73.0–204] | 655 [379–1072] | 89.5 [52.1–146] | 468 [271–765] | 0.1 | 56.4 |
| Nigeria (Lagos)7 | 678 | 103 [45.7–205] | 297 [138–595] | 73.3 [32.6–147] | 212 [98.3–425] | 0.1 | 17.7 |
| South Africa (Eastern Cape)6 | 198 | 39.3 [23.9–56.0] | 80.2 [49.0–115] | 28.0 [17.1–40.0] | 57.3 [35.0–82.4] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| South Africa (Gauteng)6 | 221 | 37.0 [26.5–55.8] | 74.0 [53.1–112] | 26.4 [19.0–39.8] | 52.8 [37.9–79.7] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tanzania8 | 862 | 19.5 [9.8–38.9] | 93.1 [46.7–186] | 13.9 [7.0–27.8] | 66.5 [33.4–133] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Uganda9 | 719 | 26.8 [12.6–50.9] | 53.2 [25.3–95.8] | 19.2 [9.0–36.3] | 38.0 [18.1–68.4] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Iodine10 | |||||||
| Nigeria (Kano) | 749 | 183 [102–319] | 286 [159–496] | 131 [72.9–228] | 204 [114–355] | 0.2 | 7.7 |
| Nigeria (Lagos) | 635 | 87.8 [51.8–143] | 137 [80.6–222] | 62.8 [37.0–102] | 97.7 [57.6–158] | 0.0 | 0.8 |
| South Africa (Eastern Cape) | 191 | 169 [103–252] | 190 [116–283] | 120 [73.7–180] | 135 [82.8–202] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| South Africa (Gauteng) | 215 | 102 [65.1–180] | 115 [73.1–202] | 72.7 [46.4–128] | 81.7 [52.2–144] | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Tanzania | 869 | 213 [133–337] | 297 [186–471] | 152 [95.1–240] | 213 [133–336] | 0.1 | 4.3 |
| Uganda | 697 | 253 [171–356] | 377 [255–531] | 181 [122–254] | 269 [182–379] | 0.7 | 4.3 |
RNI values were taken from the WHO and FAO (30) (for iron, bioavailability was assumed to be 12% in all countries); EAR values were derived from RNI values by dividing by published conversion factors (1). UL values were taken from the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (32). Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda results are weighted to correct for unequal probability of selection. South Africa results are not weighted owing to low response rates. AME, adult male equivalent; EAR, estimated average requirement; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; UL, tolerable upper intake level; WRA, women of reproductive age.
Based on daily apparent consumption of the fortifiable (i.e., industrially processed and not made at home) food from the AME method multiplied by the median nutrient content quantified from individual food samples collected from households.
Based on daily apparent consumption of the fortifiable (i.e., industrially processed and not made at home) food from the AME method multiplied by the target nutrient content as per the national standard that was in effect at the time of the survey.
From wheat and semolina flours.
EAR cannot be derived from RNI for WRA owing to the high variability and skewed distribution of requirements for iron (1).
From wheat and maize flours.
From wheat flour, maize flour, semolina flour, oil, and sugar.
From oil.
From wheat flour, maize flour, and oil.
From salt for all countries.