TABLE 3.
Multivariable weighted linear regression analysis between total 25(OH)D and cardiometabolic biomarkers among postmenopausal women1
| Least-squares mean2 (95% CI) or ±SE | P for linear trend | P for nonlinearity | P for interaction4 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | β ± SE | RD,3 % | ||||
| HOMA-IR | ||||||||||
| All participants (n = 2800) | Model 15 | 2.23 (2.11, 2.35) | 1.99 (1.89, 2.10)** | 1.69 (1.60, 1.79)** | 1.45 (1.37, 1.54)** | <0.0001 | 0.098 | −0.27 ± 0.02** | −23.93 | 0.669 |
| Model 26 | 2.17 (2.03, 2.31) | 1.96 (1.84, 2.09)* | 1.71 (1.60, 1.83)** | 1.51 (1.40, 1.62)** | <0.0001 | 0.192 | −0.24 ± 0.02** | −21.12 | 0.653 | |
| Model 37 | 2.01 (1.90, 2.13) | 1.94 (1.83, 2.05) | 1.82 (1.71, 1.94)** | 1.72 (1.61, 1.83)** | <0.0001 | 0.221 | −0.11 ± 0.02** | −10.65 | 0.340 | |
| American white women (n = 1500) | Model 15 | 2.00 (1.87, 2.13) | 1.72 (1.61, 1.84)** | 1.54 (1.44, 1.64)** | 1.31 (1.22, 1.40)** | <0.0001 | 0.521 | −0.16 ± 0.02** | −14.77 | — |
| Model 26 | 1.97 (1.80, 2.14) | 1.71 (1.57, 1.86)** | 1.58 (1.45, 1.72)** | 1.36 (1.24, 1.49)** | <0.0001 | 0.643 | −0.14 ± 0.02** | −13.29 | — | |
| Model 37 | 1.82 (1.69, 1.96) | 1.73 (1.61, 1.86) | 1.65 (1.53, 1.78)* | 1.55 (1.43, 1.68)** | 0.0001 | 0.583 | −0.07 ± 0.02** | −6.59 | — | |
| American black women (n = 1300) | Model 15 | 2.43 (2.22, 2.66) | 2.29 (2.09, 2.50) | 2.23 (2.04, 2.44) | 1.85 (1.69, 2.02)** | <0.0001 | 0.783 | −0.12 ± 0.02** | −10.91 | — |
| Model 26 | 2.32 (2.10, 2.57) | 2.21 (1.99, 2.44) | 2.23 (2.01, 2.47) | 1.88 (1.70, 2.09)** | 0.002 | 0.826 | −0.08 ± 0.02** | −8.14 | — | |
| Model 37 | 2.22 (2.02, 2.44) | 2.13 (1.94, 2.35) | 2.26 (2.06, 2.49) | 2.03 (1.84, 2.23) | 0.196 | 0.626 | −0.04 ± 0.02 | −3.45 | — | |
| HOMA-B | ||||||||||
| All participants (n = 2800) | Model 15 | 93.44 (89.67, 97.37) | 93.44 (89.58, 97.55) | 83.27 (79.62, 87.09)** | 76.62 (73.14, 80.26)** | <0.0001 | 0.018 | −0.15 ± 0.02** | −13.58 | 0.065 |
| Model 26 | 92.26 (87.71, 97.03) | 93.08 (88.35, 98.05) | 84.48 (80.04, 89.17)** | 78.95 (74.52, 83.64)** | <0.0001 | 0.0497 | −0.12 ± 0.02** | −11.52 | 0.092 | |
| Model 37 | 88.18 (84.07, 92.49) | 92.28 (87.83, 96.94) | 87.41 (83.05, 92.01) | 85.41 (80.82, 90.26) | 0.103 | 0.037 | −0.05 ± 0.02* | −4.64 | 0.029 | |
| American white women (n = 1500) | Model 15 | 92.66 (87.95, 97.63) | 86.30 (81.94, 90.88) | 79.60 (75.59, 83.83)** | 72.78 (69.13, 76.64)** | <0.0001 | 0.231 | −0.09 ± 0.01** | −8.85 | — |
| Model 26 | 91.87 (85.81, 98.36) | 86.22 (80.66, 92.17) | 81.33 (75.92, 87.12)** | 75.16 (69.95, 80.76)** | <0.0001 | 0.317 | −0.08 ± 0.01** | −7.66 | — | |
| Model 37 | 88.02 (82.68, 93.70) | 87.06 (81.90, 92.55) | 83.94 (78.81, 89.40) | 81.93 (76.68, 87.54)* | 0.03 | 0.249 | −0.03 ± 0.01* | −3.21 | — | |
| American black women (n = 1300) | Model 15 | 95.97 (89.46, 103.0) | 92.32 (86.07, 99.03) | 95.21 (88.76, 102.1) | 90.65 (84.44, 97.31) | 0.353 | 0.859 | −0.03 ± 0.02 | −3.28 | — |
| Model 26 | 95.77 (88.14, 104.1) | 91.44 (84.15, 99.35) | 95.08 (87.38, 103.5) | 92.20 (84.67, 100.4) | 0.642 | 0.893 | −0.02 ± 0.02 | −2.42 | — | |
| Model 37 | 93.32 (86.11, 101.1) | 89.88 (82.94, 97.39) | 96.13 (88.58, 104.3) | 96.32 (88.69, 104.6) | 0.337 | 0.750 | 0.004 ± 0.02 | 0.35 | — | |
| hs-CRP | ||||||||||
| All participants (n = 2800) | Model 15 | 2.83 (2.59, 3.09) | 2.81 (2.57, 3.08) | 2.18 (1.98, 2.40)** | 2.33 (2.11, 2.57)** | 0.0002 | 0.457 | −0.17 ± 0.04** | −15.97 | 0.650 |
| Model 26 | 2.81 (2.53, 3.12) | 2.92 (2.62, 3.26) | 2.36 (2.11, 2.64)** | 2.42 (2.15, 2.73)* | 0.004 | 0.840 | −0.16 ± 0.04** | −14.64 | 0.453 | |
| Model 37 | 2.58 (2.33, 2.85) | 2.89 (2.61, 3.20) | 2.55 (2.29, 2.83) | 2.95 (2.63, 3.31)* | 0.170 | 0.921 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 1.85 | 0.381 | |
| American white women (n = 1500) | Model 15 | 2.59 (2.30, 2.92) | 2.09 (1.86, 2.35)* | 1.92 (1.71, 2.17)** | 2.03 (1.80, 2.29)** | 0.004 | 0.357 | −0.10 ± 0.03** | −9.83 | — |
| Model 26 | 2.42 (2.08, 2.82) | 2.09 (1.80, 2.43) | 1.92 (1.65, 2.24)** | 1.93 (1.64, 2.27)** | 0.007 | 0.592 | −0.10 ± 0.03** | −9.81 | — | |
| Model 37 | 2.21 (1.91, 2.54) | 2.11 (1.83, 2.42) | 2.05 (1.77, 2.37) | 2.30 (1.97, 2.67) | 0.650 | 0.980 | 0.001 ± 0.03 | 0.12 | — | |
| American black women (n = 1300) | Model 15 | 3.33 (2.93, 3.79) | 3.10 (2.73, 3.53) | 3.01 (2.65, 3.43) | 2.91 (2.56, 3.32) | 0.163 | 0.492 | −0.06 ± 0.03 | −5.82 | — |
| Model 26 | 3.48 (3.00, 4.04) | 3.18 (2.74, 3.69) | 3.42 (2.94, 3.98) | 3.37 (2.89, 3.92) | 0.958 | 0.282 | −0.02 ± 0.03 | −2.05 | — | |
| Model 37 | 3.28 (2.86, 3.76) | 2.99 (2.61, 3.43) | 3.50 (3.05, 4.02) | 3.74 (3.26, 4.30) | 0.042 | 0.303 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 5.46 | — | |
| eGFR | ||||||||||
| All participants (n = 2800) | Model 15 | 91.30 ± 0.51 | 89.54 ± 0.52* | 90.10 ± 0.55 | 88.98 ± 0.57** | 0.010 | 0.131 | −1.25 ± 0.46** | 0.006 | 0.572 |
| Model 26 | 92.04 ± 0.63 | 90.28 ± 0.65* | 90.76 ± 0.67 | 89.71 ± 0.72** | 0.016 | 0.139 | −1.25 ± 0.48** | 0.010 | 0.450 | |
| Model 37 | 92.07 ± 0.64 | 90.28 ± 0.66* | 90.93 ± 0.69 | 89.80 ± 0.74** | 0.018 | 0.384 | −1.21 ± 0.51* | 0.017 | 0.444 | |
| American white women (n = 1500) | Model 15 | 87.38 ± 0.62 | 86.50 ± 0.61 | 85.51 ± 0.61* | 85.80 ± 0.61 | 0.045 | 0.246 | −0.63 ± 0.31* | 0.040 | — |
| Model 26 | 88.16 ± 0.83 | 87.16 ± 0.81 | 86.24 ± 0.83* | 86.86 ± 0.87 | 0.125 | 0.227 | −0.50 ± 0.33 | 0.125 | — | |
| Model 37 | 88.20 ± 0.83 | 87.34 ± 0.81 | 86.24 ± 0.84* | 86.96 ± 0.88 | 0.137 | 0.505 | −0.47 ± 0.34 | 0.172 | — | |
| American black women (n = 1300) | Model 15 | 95.36 ± 0.92 | 93.97 ± 0.92 | 94.07 ± 0.91 | 93.06 ± 0.92 | 0.102 | 0.436 | −0.70 ± 0.46 | 0.130 | — |
| Model 26 | 96.14 ± 1.08 | 94.58 ± 1.08 | 95.00 ± 1.10 | 93.01 ± 1.10* | 0.032 | 0.543 | −0.97 ± 0.48* | 0.045 | — | |
| Model 37 | 96.09 ± 1.09 | 94.63 ± 1.09 | 94.96 ± 1.11 | 92.88 ± 1.11* | 0.028 | 0.507 | −0.99 ± 0.50* | 0.046 | — | |
Weighted linear regression models were performed to assess the independent associations between total 25(OH)D and each cardiometabolic biomarker. Least-squares mean was obtained when 25(OH)D was parameterized as quartiles; β coefficient was obtained when 25(OH)D was modeled as a continuous variable. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; RD, relative difference; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Values are least-squares means (95% CIs) for log-transformed HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and hs-CRP, and least-squares means ± SEs for eGFR.
RD was obtained from back-transformed β and is interpreted as percentage lower (negative value) or higher (positive value) concentrations of HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, or hs-CRP on the original scale for every 1-SD increase in total 25(OH)D.
P for interaction was obtained by adding an interaction term between 25(OH)D and race into each model.
Model 1 adjusted for age, clinical center, and race.
Model 2 further adjusted for education, season of blood draw, cigarette smoking status, alcohol intake, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, and physical activity levels.
Model 3 further adjusted for BMI.