Table 1.
Cohort demographics and initial clinical and radiographic characteristics
| Demographic and clinical characteristics, N= 73 patients |
Result |
|---|---|
| Age (years, mean (sd)) | 49.0 (15.8) |
| Male | 28 (38.4%) |
| Acute Liver Failure | 39 (53.4%) |
| Acetaminophen and other intoxications | 26 (66.7%) |
| Autoimmune | 1 (2.6%) |
| Cryptogenic | 3 (7.7%) |
| Hepatitis B | 4 (10.3%) |
| Other | 3 (7.7%) |
| Wilson’s Disease | 2 (5.1%) |
| Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure | 34 (46.6%) |
| Alcoholic cirrhosis | 7 (20.6%) |
| Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | 1 (2.9%) |
| Autoimmune | 3 (8.8%) |
| Cryptogenic | 2 (5.9%) |
| Hepatitis B | 1 (2.9%) |
| Hepatitis C | 7 (20.6%) |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis | 9 (26.5%) |
| Other | 4 (11.8%) |
| MELD-Na Score (mean (sd)) | 32.6 (8.4) |
| APACHE II Score (mean (sd)) | 19.3 (9.0) |
| Renal Replacement Therapy in First 24 Hours of Admission† | 31 (42.5%) |
| Admission Glasgow Coma Scale Score Coma (GCS≤8) | 11 [6, 14] 28 (38.4%) |
| Admission Serum Osmolality (mean (sd), reference 275–295 mOsm/kg) | 303.9 (15.4) |
| Admission Serum Sodium (mean (sd), reference 135–145 mEq/L) | 136.6 (6.3) |
| Admission Serum Blood Urea Nitrogen (median [IQR], reference 6–20 mg/dL) | 28 [17, 52] |
| Admission Serum Glucose (mean (sd), reference 70–100 mg/dL) | 136.9 (54.4) |
| Admission Serum Osmolar Gap (mean (sd), reference −10 to 10 mOsm/kg) | 9.1 (8.2) |
| Admission Serum Ammonia (median [IQR], reference 15–45 μg/dL,) | 182.5 [108.8, 305.0] |
| Admission International Normalized Ratio (median [IQR], reference 0.8–1.1) | 2.5 [2.0, 4.1] |
| Admission Total Bilirubin (median [IQR], reference 0.1–1.2 mg/dL) | 4.6 [2.2, 10.9] |
| Admission Creatinine (median [IQR], reference 0.7–1.3 mg/dL) | 2.17 [1.07, 3.45] |
| Admission Temperature (Celsius, mean (sd)) | 36.7 (0.8) |
| Admission Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (mmHg, mean (sd)) | 87.3 (14.2) |
| Admission Heart Rate (beats/minute, mean (sd)) | 97 (18) |
| Admission Respiratory Rate (breaths/minute, median [IQR]) | 17 [16, 20] |
| Admission Arterial Partial Pressure to Fractional Inhalation of Oxygen (mean (sd), reference >350 mmHg/%) | 328.6 (133.1) |
| Admission Arterial pH (median [IQR], reference 7.35–7.45) | 7.39 [7.34, 7.44] |
| Admission Potassium (mean (sd), reference 3.5–5.0 mEq/L) | 4.2 (0.9) |
| Hematocrit (mean (sd), reference male 40.750.3%, female 36.1–44.3%) | 31.3 (6.9) |
| Admission White Blood Cell Count (mean (sd), reference 4.5–11 thousand/μL) | 12.2 (8.5) |
| Admission Platelet Count (mean (sd), reference 150–400 thousand/μL) | 123 (71) |
| CSF CT Attenuation (HU, mean (sd)) | 9.69 (1.69) |
| Brain Tissue CT Attenuation (HU, mean (sd)) | 34.17 (2.74) |
| Liver Transplantation During Hospitalization | 12 (16.4%) |
| Discharge Disposition | |
| Transfer to Acute Hospital | 2 (2.7%) |
| Acute Rehab | 6 (8.2%) |
| Death | 25 (34.2%) |
| Home | 30 (41.1%) |
| Hospice | 1 (1.4%) |
| Long-term Acute Care Facility | 5 (6.8%) |
| Skilled Nursing Facility | 4 (5.5%) |
†
Renal replacement therapy was performed after osmolality measurement, GCS assessment, and CT acquisition in each case.
Reference ranges represent the normal ranges reported for our hospital laboratory.