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. 2020 Jul 22;15:5181–5202. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S247692

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© 2020 AbouAitah et al.

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Plaque reduction assay used to evaluate antiviral activity against H5N1 virus using MDCK cells.

Notes: Nanoparticles, modified nanoparticles, prodrugs and their mixtures, nanoformulations, and combined nanoformulations with different post-time infection (A). The safe concentration (equivalent to 75 µg/mL of free compound or found in nanoformulations) was used for all materials. The safe concentration used for unmodified and modified nanoparticles was 50 µg/mL.IC50 for successful nanoformulations (B). a) MSNs-NH₂-SH at 25, 50, and 75 µg/mL. b) MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR2 at 50, 75, and 150 µg/mL. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * Means significant differences at p <0.05. The concentration for MSNs and MSNs-NH₂ was directly made of prepared powder of both nanoparticles. The concentration used in nanoformulations of MSNs-NH₂-SH, MSNs-NH₂-QR, MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR, and MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR2 was calculated based on the prodrug loaded into nanoparticles as an equivalent to free prodrugs (SH, QR, SH/QR mix1, and SH/QR mix). The free prodrug concentration was normally made from the powder of pure prodrugs without any calculation.

Abbreviations: MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MSNs-NH₂, MSNs modified amino groups; MSNs-NH₂-SH, MSNs-NH₂ loaded SH; MSNs-NH₂-QR, MSNs-NH₂ loaded QR; MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR1, MSNs-NH₂ loaded SH and QR; MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR2 was used in twice amount; SH/QR mix.1, mixture of SH and QR; SH/QR mix.2, mixture of SH and QR used in twice amount; SH pure, shikimic acid; QR pure, quercetin; IC50, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration; SD, standard deviation.