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. 2020 Jul 22;15:5181–5202. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S247692

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© 2020 AbouAitah et al.

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Antiviral mechanisms of nanoformulations tested by plaque reduction assay.

Notes: Plaque formation (white dots) appeared or disappeared in response to the tested mode of action of the nanoformulations (A). Left: virus control. Right: treated samples. Schematic representation of the antiviral mechanisms for effective nanoformulations (MSNs-NH₂-SHand MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR2) developed with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (B). a) Virucidal mechanism. b) Viral replication mechanism. c) Viral adsorption mechanism.

Abbreviations: H5N1, high pathogenic avian influenza virus; MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MSNs-NH₂-SH, MSNs-NH₂ loaded SH; MSNs-NH₂-QR, MSNs-NH₂ loaded QR; MSNs-NH₂-SH-QR2, MSNs-NH₂ loaded SH and QR and was used in twice amount; MDCK, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells.