Table 3.
Inhibitory Effects of Combined Nanoformulations on Nitric Oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β After Stimulation with LPS in vitro
| Inflammatory Stimulation and Treatment | NO (µM/mL) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | IL-1β (pg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 2.69 ± 0.03i | 10.3 ± 0.33h | 10.3 ± 0.33h |
| LPS (inducer) | 30.21 ± 0.33a | 2315.84 ±47.68abc | 674.68 ± 5.43a |
| MSNs | 30.7 ± 0.43a | 2387.66 ± 62.9ab | 671.27 ± 2.22a |
| MSNs-NH2 | 29.65 ± 0.27a | 2234.77 ± 38.74c | 663.44 ± 10.9a |
| MSNs-NH2-SH | 22.3 ± 0.07e | 2025.17 ± 10.59d | 590.95 ± 2.12d |
| MSNs-NH2-QR | 24.15 ± 0.06c | 2295.57 ± 8.77bc | 645.03 ± 1.75b |
| MSNs-NH2-SH-QR1 | 16.78 ± 0.04g | 1571.66 ± 22.18f | 500.24 ± 4.44f |
| MSNs-NH2-SH-QR2 | 14.76 ± 0.13h | 1180.55 ± 13.45g | 422.02 ± 2.69g |
| SH Pure | 23.66 ± 0.19cd | 2223.92 ± 28.13c | 630.7 ± 5.63b |
| QR Pure | 25.1 ± 0.17b | 2434.24 ± 24.68a | 672.76 ± 4.94a |
| SH/QR mix.1 | 22.92 ± 0.28de | 2115.3 ± 40.34d | 608.97 ± 8.07c |
| SH/QR mix.2 | 21.3 ± 0.14f | 1879.57 ± 20.06e | 561.83 ± 4.01e |
Notes: Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences in the reduction of cytokine and NO levels according to post hoc Fisher Duncan test (p<0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: NO, nitric oxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β, cytokines interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; MSNs-NH2, MSNs modified amino groups; MSNs-NH2-SH, MSNs-NH2 loaded SH; MSNs-NH2-QR, MSNs-NH2 loaded QR; MSNs-NH2-SH-QR1, MSNs-NH2 loaded SH and QR; MSNs-NH2-SH-QR2 was used in twice amount; SH/QR mix.1, mixture of SH and QR; SH/QR mix.2, mixture of SH and QR used in twice amount; SH pure, shikimic acid; QR pure, quercetin.