Table 2.

A summary of the in vitro and in vivo effects of lncRNAs on cardiomyocyte prolfieration and their mechanism of action

lncRNA	In vitro effects	In vivo effects	Mechanism of action
Positive regulators
NR_045363	CM proliferation ↑	CM proliferation ↑ Post-MI infarct area ↓ Post-MI cardiac function ↑	Sponge  Sponges miR-216a  Blocks JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Sirt1 AS lncRNA	CM proliferation ↑ CM apoptosis ↓ CM number ↑ CM cross-sectional area ↓	CM proliferation ↑ CM apoptosis ↓ CM cross-sectional area ↓ Post-MI overall survival ↑ Post-MI infarct size ↓ Post-MI cardiac function ↑	mRNA stabilization  Stabilizes Sirt1 mRNA  Increases Sirt1 protein levels
ECRAR	CM proliferation ↑ CM number ↑ CM volume ↔	CM proliferation ↑ Capillary and arteriole density ↑ Post-MI infarct size ↓ Post-MI fibrosis ↓ Post-MI cardiac function ↑	Signal  Regulated by E2F1  Mediates ERK1/2 phosphorylation  ERK1/2 increase the transcription of cell   Cycle progression genes
Negative regulators
CPR	CM proliferation ↓ CM number ↓	CM proliferation ↓ CM number ↓ Post-MI cardiac function ↓ Post-MI scar area ↓ Post-MI CM apoptosis ↑ Heart regeneration in neonates ↓	Guide  Interacts directly with DNMT3A  DNMT3A methylate MCM3 promoter  MCM3 is downregulated
CRRL	CM proliferation ↓ CM cross-sectional area ↔	CM proliferation ↓ Post-MI cardiac function ↓ Post-MI scar area ↑ Post-MI fibrosis ↑	Sponge  Sponges miR-199a-3p  Activates HOPX  Mediates Gata4 deacetylation
CAREL	CM proliferation ↓ (hiPSC-CM)	CM proliferation ↓ CM cross-sectional area ↑ Post-MI cardiac function ↑ Post-MI scar area ↓ Heart regeneration in neonates ↓	Sponge  Sponges miR-296  Increases the expression of genes  Trp53inp1 and Itm2a
DACH1	CM proliferation ↓ (hiPSC-CM)	CM proliferation↓ CM cross-sectional area ↑ Post-MI cardiac function ↑ Post-MI scar size ↓ Heart regeneration in neonates ↓	Decoy  Inactivates PP1A  Mediates YAP1 phosphorylation  Block the Hippo pathway
AZIN2-sv	CM proliferation ↓	CM proliferation ↓ CM cross-sectional area ↔  Post-MI cardiac function ↑ Post-MI scar area ↓ Post-MI fibrosis ↓	Sponge and protein stabilization  Binds and stabilizes PTEN  Sponges miR-214

CM Cardiomyocyte, MI myocardial infarction, hiPSC human-induced pluripotent stem cells