Table 1.
Detailed characteristics of the included studies.
| References | Country (year) | Age (years) | Sex (male/female) | Study design | Participants (cases) | Perinatal risk factors | OR or RR (95% CI) | Definition of metabolic syndrome | Adjustment for covariates | Cutoff value | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mi et al. (17) | China (2004) |
46.5 ± 2.2 | Both (494/481) | Cohort | 975 (180) |
LBW | OR, 1.98 (0.69–5.73) |
IFG or diabetes, and presence of at least two of the following: abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, or hypertension | Age, sex, smoking, drink, and gestational age | < P25 | 5 |
| Wang et al. (19) | China (2016) |
7–17 | Both (857/913) | Cross-sectional | 1,770 (19) |
LBW | OR, 0.94 (0.12–7.18) |
Abdominal obesity and the presence of two or more clinical features, including TAG ≥1.7 mmol/l, HDL-C <1.03 mmol/L, blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, and serum FG ≥5.6 mmol/L. LBW and HBW were defined as birth weight <2,500 g and ≥4,000 g, respectively, for newborns on term without congenital malformations | Sex and age | 2.5 kg | 6 |
| Ramadhani et al. (23) | Netherlands (2006) |
28.4 (mean) | Both (348/396) | Cohort | 722 (68) |
LBW | OR, 1.80 (1.00–3.50) |
Clustering of three or more of these features: WC >102 cm for men or >88 cm for women, serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, serum HDL-C <40 mg/dL for men or <50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, and serum glucose ≥110 mg/dL | Sex, family history of CVD, and participant's education | 3.2 kg | 6 |
| Laaksonen et al. (22) | Finland (2003) |
Exposed: 51.6 ± 6.4; unexposed: 50.4 ± 6.4 | Male (462/0) | Cohort | 462 (83) |
LBW | OR, 2.70 (1.37– 5.34) |
Insulin resistance in the top 25% of the non-diabetic population, IFG or diabetes, and presence of at least two of the following: abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, or hypertension | Age and adult BMI | 3.4 kg | 6 |
| Hirschler et al. (15) | Argentina (2008) |
9.4 ± 2.1 | Both (511/516) | Cross-sectional | 1,027 (35) |
LBW | OR, 1.06 (0.90–1.25) |
Presence of ≥3 of the following five conditions: abdominal obesity; fasting triglycerides >110 mg/dL; HDL-C <40 mg/dL; blood pressure >90th percentile for age, sex, and height; fasting glucose >100 mg/dL; or use of DM medications | Age and sex | 2.5 kg | 5 |
| Briskiewicz et al. (20) | Brazil (2018) |
35–74 | Female (0/6,872) | Cross-sectional | 6,872 (NA) |
LBW | OR, 1.28 (1.24–1.45) |
Having at least three of the following components based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III updated guidelines: high waist circumference; high blood glucose; low HDL cholesterol; hypertriacylglycerolemia; and hypertension | Age, race/skin color, education, PA, smoking, alcohol consumption, relative leg length, age at menarche, and BMI at the age of 20 years | 2.5 kg | 6 |
| dos Santos Alves Pde et al. (14) | Brazil (2015) |
10–20 | Both (64/108) | Cohort | 172 (7) |
LBW | OR, 0.77 (0.18–3.33) |
<16.0 years: WC ≥90th percentile; high triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L; low HDL-C <1.03 mmol/L; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L; or previously diagnosed type 2 DM; age 16–20 years: WC ≥90 cm for South American men and ≥80 cm for South American women, according to the national consensus; elevated triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L; reduced HDL-C, <1.03 mmol/L for men and <1.29 mmol/L for women; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L; or previously diagnosed type 2 DM | Crude | 2.5 kg | 5 |
| Xiao et al. (24) | China (2010) |
59.3 ± 8.1 | Both (990/1,029) | Cohort | 2,019 (515) |
LBW | OR, 1.66 (1.18–2.34) |
Presence of three of the following five components: fasting glucose of at least 110 mg/dL or diagnosed DM; elevated blood pressure or history of hypertension; serum HDL-C concentration <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women; serum triglyceride concentration of at least 150 mg/dL; a waist circumference of at least 102 cm for men and at least 88 cm for women | Sex, age, central obesity, smoking status, alcohol intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history of DM, occupational status, current social class, gestational age, and gestational hypertension | 2.5 kg | 6 |
| Jornayvaz et al. (21) | Switzerland (2016) |
50.2 ± 10.1 | Female (0/1,458) | Cross-sectional | 1,458 (210) |
LBW | OR, 1.75 (1.15–2.68) |
Central obesity, raised triglycerides, reduced HDL-C, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose level | Age, smoking status, and PA | 2.5 kg | 6 |
| Jornayvaz et al. (21) | Switzerland (2016) |
49.7 ± 9.9 | Male (1,088/0) | Cross-sectional | 1,088 (276) |
LBW | OR, 0.96 (0.52–1.76) |
Central obesity, raised triglycerides, reduced HDL-C, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose | Age, smoking status, and PA | 2.5 kg | 6 |
| Balasuriya et al. (26) | Norway (2018) |
26.4 ± 0.6 26.5 ± 0.4 |
Both (60/68) | Cohort | 128 (12) |
LBW | OR, 1.92 (0.64–5.72) |
Having any three of the following: central obesity (WC ≥94 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women); triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L; HDL cholesterol <1.03 mmol/L in men, <1.29 mmol/L in women, or on treatment for these dyslipidemias; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, or on treatment for hypertension; fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L, previously diagnosed type 2 DM or on treatment for DM | Crude | 1.5 kg | 5 |
| Sipola-Leppänen et al. (25) | Finland (2015) |
Exposed: 23.1 ± 1.4; unexposed: 23.6 ± 1.1 |
Both (233/245) |
Cohort | 478 (27) |
Premature birth | OR, 4.60 (1.90–11.10) |
Three or more of the following five criteria had to be met: central obesity (WC ≥94 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women); triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L; HDL-C level <1.03 mmol/L in men and <1.29 mmol in women; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg; and fasting plasma glucose level ≥5.6 mmol/L or type 2 DM | Sex, age, cohort, parental educational level, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight standard deviation score, and parental hypertension, DM, myocardial infarction/stroke, self-reported PA, and daily smoking | 34 and 37 weeks | 6 |
| Catov et al. (27) | USA (2016) |
Preterm: 23 (20–26); term: 24 (21–27) |
Women (0/1,205) | Cohort | 1,205 (315) |
Premature birth | HR: 1.41 (1.13–1.77) |
Three out of the following five factors had to be met: WC > 88 cm; fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; HDL-C <50 mg/dL; blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg and/or on antihypertensive medication; and fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL and/or treatment with DM medication | Blood pressure, WC, triglycerides, glucose, HDL cholesterol, age, race, education, baseline BMI, parous at baseline, smoking at baseline, time-varying parity, time-varying exposure to gestational DM or hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and time-varying weight gain | 37 weeks | 7 |
| Ramirez-Velez et al. (18) | Colombia (2017) |
9–17.9 | Both (1,134/1,376) | Cross-sectional | 2001 (NA) |
Premature birth | OR, 0.86 (0.52–1.42) |
At least three of the following five criteria: TG ≥100 mg/dL; HDL-C <50 mg/dL (<45 mg/dL for boys aged 9–19 years); fasting glycemia ≥110 mg/dL; WC >75th percentile for age and sex; and systolic blood pressure 90th percentile for age, sex, and height | Age, pubertal stage, and weight status by sex | 37 weeks | 6 |
| Darlow et al. (13) | New Zealand (2019) |
27–29 | Both (152/169) |
Cohort | 321 (50) |
Premature birth | OR, 1.37 (0.75–2.51) |
Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, total body fat, and, following an overnight fast, standard laboratory tests for plasma glucose and free insulin, lipid screen, and hemoglobin A1c | Crude | 28 weeks | 7 |
| Mardones et al. (16) | Chile (2014) |
11.4 ± 1.0 | Both (1,579/1,711) |
Cohort | 3,290 (239) |
Premature birth | OR, 1.58 (0.68–3.68) |
At least three out of five of its components were present, as defined by the following cutoff points: WC ≥90th percentile, blood pressure ≥90th percentile, low HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL, TG ≥110 mg/dL, and glucose ≥100 mg/dL | Percentage of fat mass, sex, and Tanner stage | 37 weeks | 6 |
BMI, Body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IFG, impaired fasting glycemia; LBW, low birth weight; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; PA, physical activity; RR, relative risk; WC, waist circumference.