Table 2. Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography: open questions.

How cost-effective is a lung cancer screening program?

What are the risks associated with over-diagnosis, further diagnostic testing, long-term accumulation of radiation exposure?

Is there a consensus about the definition of high-risk subjects?

What is the optimal duration of screening and the screening intervals?

Are we ready to transfer in clinical practice a multi-screening approach integrating imaging technique and biomarkers?