Table 1. Characteristics of individual studies included in the network meta-analysis.
| Study and published year | Settings | Participants | Interventions | Reintubation rate | Other key outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jiang et al. (24), 1999 | Single-center ICU | N=93 | COT: N=46; NIV: N=47 | COT: 7 (15.20%); NIV: 13 (27.66%) | NA |
| Keenan et al. (25), 2002 | Single-center ICU | N=81 | COT: N=42; NIV: N=39 | COT: 29 (69%); NIV: 28 (72%) | HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Esteban et al. (26), 2004 | 37 ICU centers | N=221 | COT: N=107; NIV: N=114 | COT: 51 (48%); NIV: 55 (48%) | ARF, ICU-stay, ICU-mortality |
| Kindgen-Milles et al. (27), 2005 | Single-center ICU in Germany | N=50 | COT: N=25; NIV: N=25 | COT: 4 (16%); NIV: 1 (4%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Nava et al. (28), 2005 | 3 ICU centers in Italy | N=97 | COT: N=49; NIV: N=48 | COT: 12 (24%); NIV: 4 (8%) | ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality |
| Ferrer et al. (29), 2009 | 3 ICU centers in Spain | N=106 | COT: N=52; NIV: N=54 | COT: 10 (19.2%); NIV: 6 (11.1%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Girault et al. (30), 2011 | 13 ICU centers in French, Tunisian | N=139 | COT: N=70; NIV: N=69 | COT: 26 (37%); NIV: 22 (32%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Khilnani et al. (31), 2011 | Single-center ICU in India | N=40 | COT: N=20; NIV: N=20 | COT: 5 (25%); NIV: 3 (15%) | ICU-stay, hospital-stay |
| Cekmen et al. (32), 2011 | Single-center ICU in Turkey | N=40 | COT: N=20; NIV: N=20 | COT: 5 (25%); NIV: 3 (15%) | NA |
| Su et al. (33), 2012 | 3 ICU centers in Taiwan, China | N=406 | COT: N=204; NIV: N=202 | COT: 16 (7.7%); NIV: 21 (10.4%) | ARF, ICU-mortality |
| Al Jaaly et al. (34), 2013 | Single-center ICU in England | N=126 | COT: N=63; NIV: N=63 | COT: 2 (3.2%); NIV: 1 (1.6%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Mohamed et al. (35), 2013 | Single-center ICU in Saudi Arabia | N=120 | COT: N=60; NIV: N=60 | COT: 15 (25%); NIV: 9 (15%) | ICU-stay, ICU-mortality |
| Ornico et al. (36), 2013 | Single-center ICU in Brazil | N=38 | COT: N=18; NIV: N=20 | COT: 7 (39%); NIV: 1 (5%) | ICU-stay, hospital-mortality |
| Maggiore et al. (15), 2014 | 2 ICU centers in Italy | N=105 | COT: N=52; HFNC: N=53 | COT: 16 (30.8%); HFNC: 6 (11.3%) | ARF, ICU-stay, hospital-mortality |
| Stéphan et al. (18), 2015 | 6 ICU centers in France | N=830 | HFNC: N=414; NIV: N=416 | HFNC: 87 (21%); NIV: 91 (21.8%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality |
| Hernández et al. (19), 2016 | 3 ICU centers in Spain | N=604 | HFNC: N=290; NIV: N=314 | HFNC: 66 (22.8%); NIV: 60 (19.1%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Futier et al. (37), 2016 | 3 ICU centers in France | N=220 | COT: N=112; HFNC: N=108 | COT: 7 (6.3%); HFNC: 4 (3.7%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, hospital-mortality |
| Hernández et al. (16), 2016 | 7 ICU centers in Spain | N=527 | COT: N=263; HFNC: N=264 | COT: 32 (12.2%); HFNC: 13 (4.9%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Song et al. (38), 2017 | Single-center ICU in China | N=60 | COT: N=30; HFNC: N=30 | COT: 3 (10%); HFNC: 1 (3.3%) | NA |
| Vargas et al. (39), 2017 | 6 ICU centers in France | N=144 | COT: N=72; NIV: N=71 | COT: 13 (18.1%); NIV: 6 (8.5%) | ARF, ICU-stay, ICU-mortality |
| Vaschetto et al. (40), 2019 | 9 ICU centers in China, Italy | N=130 | COT: N=65; NIV: N=65 | COT: 7 (10.7%); NIV: 3 (4.6%) | ARF, HAP, ICU-stay, hospital-stay, ICU-mortality, hospital-mortality |
| Jing et al. (41), 2019 | Single-center ICU in China | N=42 | HFNC: N=22; NIV: N=20 | HFNC: 2 (9.0%); NIV: 1 (5.0%) | ARF, ICU-stay, hospital-mortality |
HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ARF, acute respiratory failure; ICU, intensive care unit; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; COT, conventional oxygen therapy; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula.