Table 5.
Review of the COVID-19 related kidney impairment.
| N | Pre-existing renal conditions | COVID-19-related kidney impairment | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li et al. (10) | 59 | – | – | 32/51 exhibited proteinuria, Cre elevated in 11/59, Bun elevated in 16/59; 27/27 exhibited radiographic abnormalities of the kidneys |
| Cheng et al. (14) | 710 | – | 22 AKI | On admission, sCr elevated in 110/710, 44% have proteinuria hematuria and 26.9% have hematuria; mortality of inpatients with elevated baselines Cr was 30.9% |
| Yang et al. (17) | 52 | – | 15 AKI | sCr elevated significantly in survivors |
| Xu et al. (18) | 62 | 1 | – | sCr elevated in 2/62 of time since symptom onset ≤10 days group |
| Wang et al. (19) | 138 | 4 | 5 AKI | Bun and sCr elevated significantly in ICU group (vs. non-ICU group) |
| Shi et al. (20) | 81 | – | 3 CRF | – |
| Huang et al. (21) | 41 | – | 3 AKI | sCr elevated in 4/41 (2/41 of ICU group, 2/41 of non-ICU group) |
| Guan et al. (22) | 1,099 | 8 | 6 AKI | sCr elevated in 12/752 (16/614 of non-severe group, 6/138 of severe group) |
| Chen et al. (23) | 99 | – | 3 AKI | Bun increased in 6/99, decreased in 17/99; sCr increased in 3/99, decreased in 21/99 |
| Chan et al. (24) | 7 | – | – | Bun elevated in 2/7 |
| Diao et al. (25) | 85 | 5 | 23 ARF | Elder patients (≥60 years old) were easier to develop ARF; perished cases have a rapid decrease of eGFR but quickly boosting ccr and bun; H&E staining: severe acute tubular necrosis; immunohistochemistry: SARS-CoV-2 NP antigen accumulated in kidney tubules. |
| Our study | 116 | –* | 12 AKI | sCr elevated in 21/116, 12(10.3%) AKI (5 in-hospital AKI); increasing odds of AKI associated with COVID-19 clinical classification, procalcitonin more than 0.1 ng/mL, and eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
*
Three patients excluded from the study, as one case receiving regular maintenance dialysis, one diabetic nephropathy, one nephrotic syndrome. AKI, acute kidney injury; ICU, intensive care unit; Bun, blood urea nitrogen; sCr, serum creatinine; Cre, plasma creatinine; CRF, chronic renal failure; ARF, acute renal failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; NP, nucleocapsid protein; H&E staining and hematoxylin–eosin staining.