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. 2020 Jul 28;10:375. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00375

Figure 1.

Figure 1

D-galactose treatment induces senescent responses and enhances dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 PL046 (DENV2) replication in THP-1 cells. (A) The MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showing cell viability and cytotoxicity in D-galactose (D-gal)-treated human monocytic THP-1 cells at the indicated doses and times. (B) Flow cytometry analysis showing the cell cycle phases in the D-gal (250 mM)-treated cells 48 hours poststimulation. A representative histogram and the percentages of cells are shown. (C) Microscopy analysis, (D) β-galactosidase activity assay, and (E) Western blot analysis of p16, p21, and p53 expression (arrowheads) showing senescent responses in D-gal (250 mM)-treated THP-1 cells. *, non-specific binding. (F) Plaque assays showing the level of viral replication in DENV2 (at a multiplicity of infection of 1)-infected THP-1 cells pretreated with or without D-gal (250 mM) for 48 hours. The quantitative data are shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, compared to the untreated cells. #p < 0.05, compared to the DENV-infected cells.