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. 2020 Jul 28;10:375. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00375

Figure 2.

Figure 2

D-galactose treatment enhances dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 PL046 (DENV2) infection, including viral entry, viral gene/protein expression, and double-stranded (ds)RNA replication in THP-1 cells. (A) Fluorescence microscopy and (B) flow cytometry were used to measure the expression and percentage of THP-1 cells infected with fluorescent Alexa-594-labeled DENV2 (at a multiplicity of infection of 1) for 2 h pretreated with or without D-galactose (D-gal; 250 mM). In D-gal-stimulated THP-1 cells 48 h posttreatment followed by DENV infection for further 24 h, (C) representative Western blot analysis showing viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) expression. β-actin was used as an internal control. (D) In addition, qPCR showing the mRNA expression of NS1. (E) Immunocytochemistry and the relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of viral dsRNA (green) in D-gal-stimulated THP-1 cells 48 h posttreatment followed by DENV infection for further 6 h. DAPI staining indicates nuclei (blue). For all the images, the representative data were selectively obtained from three individual experiments. The quantitative data are shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001, compared to the untreated cells. #p < 0.05, compared to the DENV-infected cells.