TABLE 1.

Drivers of agricultural change, crop rotation, tillage, crop establishment method, and residue management of different scenarios.

Scenario	Scenario depiction	Drivers of change	Crop rotations	Tillage	Crop establishment method	Residue management	Nutrient management (NPK, kg/ha)	Water management
ScI	CT-RW	Business as usual (Farmer’s Practice)	Rice-Wheat- Fallow	CT-CT	Rice: Transplantin Wheat: Broadcast	All residue removed	Rice: 175 + 58 + 0 Wheat: 150 + 58 + 0	Rice: Continuous flooding of 5-cm depth for 1 month, followed by irrigation applied at hair-line crack Wheat: Need based irrigation or at critical crop growth stages
ScII	Partial CA-RW	Increase food production, income & nutrition through intensification and best management practices	Rice-Wheat-Mungbean	CT-ZT-ZT	Rice: Transplanting Wheat: Drill seeding Mungbean: Drill/relay	Full (100%) rice and anchored wheat residue retained on soil surface; full mungbean residue incorporated	Rice: 151 + 58 + 60 Wheat: 151 + 64 + 32 Mungbean: o + o + o	Rice: Continuous flooding of 5-cm depth for first 15-20 days after transplanting ‘fb’ irrigation at −40 to −50 kPa matric potential at 15-cm depth till 1 wk before flowering
								‘Wheat: Flood irrigation at −40 to −50 kPa matric potential
ScIII	Partial CSA-RW	Deal with rising scarcity of labor, water, energy, malnutrition, degrading soil health and emerging climatic variability	Rice-Wheat-Mungbean Wheat: Drill seeding	ZT-ZT-ZT	Rice: Drill seeding Mungbean: Drill/relay	Full (100%) rice and Mungbean; anchored wheat residue retained on soil surface	Rice: 162 + 64 + 62 Wheat: 151 + 64 + 32 Mungbean: o + o + o	Rice: Kept soil wet for first 20 days ‘fb’ irrigation at −20 to −30 kPa matric potential Wheat: Flood irrigation at −40 to −50 kPa matric potential
ScIV	Partial CSA-MW	Sustainable intensification (SI) with futuristic cropping system to deal with same issues as in scenario 3	Maize-wheat- Mungbean	ZT-ZT-ZT	Maize: Drill seeding Wheat: Drill seeding Mungbean: Drill/relay	Maize (65%) and full mungbean; anchored wheat residue retained on soil surface	Maize: 174 + 64 + 62 Wheat: 151 + 64 + 32 Mungbean: o + o + o	Flood Irrigation at −50 kPa in maize and −40 to −50 kPa matric potential in wheat
ScV	CSA-RW	SI of RW system with CA + to deal with same issues as in scenario 3	Rice-Wheat-Mungbean	ZT-ZT-ZT	Same as in scenario 3	Same as in scenario 3	Rice: 130 + 64 + 62 Wheat: 121 + 64 + 32 Mungbean: o + o + o N in rice- 8 splits & wheat- 4 splits through SSD Fertigation	Sub surface drip irrigation (SSDI) at −20 to −30 kPa in rice and −40 to −50 kPa matric potential in wheat
ScVI	CSA-MW	SI of MW systems through CA + to deal same issues as in scenario 3	Maize-wheat- Mungbean	ZT-ZT-ZT	Same as in scenario 4	Same as in scenario 4	Maize: 139 + 64 + 62 Wheat: 121 + 64 + 32 Mungbean: o + o + o N in maize- 3 splits & wheat- 4 splits through SSD Fertigation	Sub surface drip irrigation (SSDI) at −50 kPa in maize and −40 to −50 kPa matric potential in wheat

Where: CT, conventional tillage; ZT, zero till; CA, conservation agriculture; SI, sustainable intensification; SSD, sub surface drip; SSDI, sub surface drip irrigation; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; K, potassium.