Fig. 3. α-LA antagonizes the PQ-induced damage to the cell migration capacity in HMEC-1 cells. (A) Relative wound density determined in different treatment groups. The cells were seeded at 7 × 10⁴ cells in each well, were pretreated with 250 μM α-LA for 3 h, were mechanically wounded using the WoundMaker system and then were incubated in the medium with 1000 μM PQ. Cell migration was monitored for 48 h using the IncuCyte ZOOM Live Cell Analysis System (Essen BioScience; ×10). The relative wound confluence was analysed. The data are presented as means ± SEM from four independent experiments. **P < 0.01 vs. the control group; ^##P < 0.01 vs. the PQ group. (B) Representative images of the wound-healing assay. Scale bar: 300 μm.