Table 1.

Experimental studies on the effects of selective food deprivation on food craving in humans

Reference	n	Participants	Avoided foods	Length of deprivation period	Findings
Beauchamp et al. [44]	10	University students (40% women)	Sodium-rich foods	10 days	Deprivation-induced increase in desire to eat salty foods
Blechert et al. [45]	29	University students (100% women)	Chocolate-containing foods	7 days	Deprivation-induced increase in desire to eat chocolate-containing foods
Coelho et al. [46]	77	University students (100% women)	Carbohydrate-rich or protein-rich foods	3 days	Deprivation-induced increase in carbohydrate-rich food craving frequency or protein-rich food craving frequency
Komatsu et al. [47] (Study 1)	51	University students (84% women)	Rice	1 day or 3 days	Deprivation-induced increase in rice craving frequency
Komatsu et al. [47] (Study 2)	28	University students (57% women)	Bread	3 days	Deprivation-induced increase in bread craving frequency
Moreno et al. [48]	58	University students (100% women)	Chocolate-containing foods	14 days	Deprivation-induced increase in desire to eat chocolate-containing foods
Polivy et al. [49]	103	University students (100% women)	Chocolate-containing or vanilla-containing foods	7 days	No effects of deprivation on food cravings
Richard et al. [50]	60	University students (75% women)	Chocolate-containing foods	14 days	Deprivation-induced increase in desire to eat chocolate-containing foods in high trait chocolate cravers (but not in low trait chocolate cravers)