Table 2.
Associations Between Different Definitions of Malaria Assessed at Delivery and Adverse Birth Outcomes
| Definition of Malaria Assessed at Delivery | Low Birth Weight | Small for Gestational Age | Preterm Birth | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Maternal blood microscopy | Negative (n = 608) | 44 (7.2%) | - | - | 67 (11.0%) | - | - | 35 (5.8%) | - | - |
| Positive (n = 27) | 2 (7.4%) | 0.86 (0.22–3.41) | .83 | 3 (11.1%) | 0.75 (0.25–2.24) | .61 | 2 (7.4%) | 1.03 (0.26–4.09) | .96 | |
| Placental blood microscopy | Negative (n = 605) | 43 (7.1%) | - | - | 67 (11.1%) | - | - | 35 (5.8%) | - | - |
| Positive (n = 28) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.80 (0.20–3.18) | .75 | 2 (7.1%) | 0.45 (0.12–1.75) | .25 | 2 (7.1%) | 0.93 (0.23–3.71) | .91 | |
| Placental blood LAMP | Negative (n = 550) | 38 (6.9%) | - | - | 57 (10.4%) | - | - | 27 (4.9%) | - | - |
| Positive (n = 74) | 5 (6.8%) | 0.89 (0.36–2.22) | .81 | 10 (13.5%) | 1.10 (0.59–2.07) | .76 | 7 (9.5%) | 1.71 (0.76–3.82) | .19 | |
| Histopathology (binary) | Negative (n = 353) | 18 (5.1%) | - | - | 23 (6.5%) | - | - | 17 (4.8%) | - | - |
| Positive (n = 284) | 28 (9.9%) | 1.75 (0.94–3.26) | .08 | 47 (16.6%) | 2.11 (1.25–3.54) | .005 | 28 (9.9%) | 1.09 (0.54–2.20) | .82 | |
| Bulmer classification | Uninfected (n = 353) | 18 (5.1%) | - | - | 23 (6.5%) | - | - | 17 (4.8%) | - | - |
| Active infection (n = 3) | 1 (33.3%) | 6.73 (1.28–35.6) | .03 | 1 (33.3%) | 5.43 (1.04–28.3) | .04 | 0 (0%) | NA | - | |
| Active chronic (n = 24) | 3 (12.5%) | 2.01 (0.59–6.88) | .27 | 2 (8.3%) | 0.88 (0.21–3.64) | .86 | 3 (12.5%) | 1.64 (0.47–5.76) | .44 | |
| Past chronic (n = 257) | 24 (9.3%) | 1.65 (0.87–3.12) | .13 | 44 (17.1%) | 2.14 (1.27–3.60) | .004 | 17 (6.6%) | 1.06 (0.51–2.18) | .88 |
Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.
aAdjusted for gravidity.