Table 3.
Associations Between a Histopathological Grading Scale and Adverse Birth Outcomes
| Risk Factors | Low Birth Weight | Small for Gestational Age | Preterm Birth | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | n (%) | aRRa (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Severity based on proportion of HPFs with malaria pigment seen | None (n = 356) | 19 (5.3%) | - | - | 24 (6.7%) | - | - | 17 (4.8%) | - | - |
| Mild (n = 146) | 11 (7.5%) | 1.35 (0.64–2.82) | .43 | 20 (13.7%) | 1.87 (1.05–3.33) | .03 | 8 (5.5%) | 0.94 (0.40–2.20) | .88 | |
| Moderate (n = 107) | 10 (9.4%) | 1.59 (0.71–3.57) | .26 | 17 (15.9%) | 2.00 (1.05–3.80) | .04 | 10 (9.4%) | 1.34 (0.57–3.18) | .50 | |
| Severe (n = 28) | 6 (21.4%) | 3.42 (1.26–9.29) | .02 | 9 (32.1%) | 4.24 (1.99–9.02) | <.001 | 2 (7.1%) | 0.88 (0.19–4.12) | .87 | |
| Parasites detected | Absent (n = 610) | 42 (6.9%) | - | - | 67 (11.0%) | - | - | 34 (5.6%) | - | |
| Present (n = 27) | 4 (14.8%) | 1.17 (0.41–3.31) | .77 | 3 (11.1%) | 0.47 (0.15–1.41) | .18 | 3 (11.1%) | 1.46 (0.44–4.76) | .54 | |
| Gravidity | Nonprimigravida (n = 484) | 30 (6.2%) | - | - | 41 (8.5%) | - | - | 22 (4.6%) | - | - |
| Primigravida (n = 153) | 16 (10.5%) | 1.18 (0.60–2.32) | .63 | 29 (19.0%) | 1.54 (0.92–2.56) | .10 | 15 (9.8%) | 1.93 (0.92–4.04) | .08 |
Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; HPFs, high-power fields.
aMultivariate analysis including all risk factors listed.