Table 2.
Laboratory findings of 4035 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 stratified according to vital status at study censoring date
| Laboratory parameter | Alive (n = 2904) | Death (n = 1131) | p | Total (N = 4035) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2860 | 1120 | 3980 | |
| Median (IQR) (g/L) | 13.8 (12.6–14.9) | 12.9 (11.5–14.4) | <0.001 | 13.6 (12.3–14.8) |
| Haematocrit | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2832 | 1105 | 3937 | |
| Median (IQR) (%) | 41.0 (37.9–44.0) | 39.1 (34.8–43.0) | <0.001 | 40.6 (37.0–44.0) |
| WBC count | ||||
| Median (IQR) (×109/L) | 5635 (4330–7420) | 6900 (5000–9470) | <0.001 | 5910 (4490–7990) |
| Distribution | <0.001 | |||
| >12 000 × 109/L | 152/2854 (5.3) | 160/1117 (14.3) | 312/3971 (7.9) | |
| <4000 × 109/L | 529/2854 (18.5) | 137/1117 (12.3) | 666/3971 (16.8) | |
| Neutrophil count | ||||
| Median (IQR) (/μL) | 3920 (2800–5560) | 5300 (3530–7700) | <0.001 | 4200 (2920–6120) |
| <1000/μL | 51/2848 (1.8) | 24/1113 (2.2) | 0.448 | 75/3961 (1.9) |
| Lymphocyte count | ||||
| Median (IQR) (/μL) | 1000 (700–1360) | 780 (540–1160) | <0.001 | 900 (640–1300) |
| <1000/μL | 1423/2852 (49.9) | 727/1111 (65.4) | <0.001 | 2150/3963 (54.2) |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 3.9 (2.5–6.5) | 6.6 (3.7–11.4) | <0.001 | 4.5 (2.7–7.7) |
| Distribution | ||||
| Tertile 1 | 1094/2839 (38.5) | 222/1106 (20.1) | <0.001 | 1316/3945 (33.4) |
| Tertile 2 | 1005/2839 (35.4) | 309/1106 (27.9) | 1314/3945 (33.3) | |
| Tertile 3 | 740/2839 (26.1) | 575/1106 (52.0) | 1315/3945 (33.3) | |
| Platelets | ||||
| Median (IQR) (×109/L) | 181 000 (143 000–229 000) | 168 000 (130 000–221 000) | <0.001 | 178 000 (139 000–226 000) |
| Platelets <150 000 × 109/L | 831/2842 (29.2) | 416/1118 (37.2) | <0.001 | 1247/3960 (31.5) |
| Prolonged APTT (>39.2 seconds or ratio >1.25) | 161/2232 (7.2) | 133/880 (15.1) | <0.001 | 294/3112 (9.4) |
| INR | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
| INR > 1.1 | 954/2376 (40.1) | 549/925 (59.3) | <0.001 | 1503/3301 (45.5) |
| D-dimer | ||||
| Median (IQR) (ng/mL) | 548 (328–934) | 740 (410–1590) | <0.001 | 580 (339–1040) |
| High D-dimer levels (>500 ng/mL) | 639/1184 (54.0) | 253/379 (66.7) | <0.001 | 892/1563 (57.1) |
| Glucose | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2766 | 1084 | 3850 | |
| Median (IQR) (mg/dL) | 106 (93–126) | 125 (104–165) | <0.001 | 110 (95–136) |
| Creatinine | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2832 | 1111 | 3943 | |
| Median (IQR) | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 1.10 (0.84–1.46) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.74–1.18) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) (CKD-EPI) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 84.1 (65.3–97.4) | 60.2 (40.1–80.4) | <0.001 | 78.4 (56.5–93.6) |
| Distribution | <0.001 | |||
| >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2234/2797 (79.9) | 552/1098 (50.3) | 2786/3895 (71.5) | |
| 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 456/2797 (16.3) | 388/1098 (35.3) | 844/3895 (21.7) | |
| <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 107/2797 (3.8) | 158/1098 (14.4) | 265/3895 (6.8) | |
| Sodium | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2825 | 1109 | 3934 | |
| Median (IQR) (mEq/L) | 138 (135–140) | 137 (135–140) | 0.008 | 138 (135–140) |
| Potassium | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 2770 | 1070 | 3840 | |
| Median (IQR) (mEq/L) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) | <0.001 | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) |
| ALT | ||||
| Median (IQR) (U/L) | 27 (18–42) | 25 (17–38) | 0.003 | 26 (18–41) |
| High serum levels ≥40 U/L and ≤200 U/L | 630/2369 (26.6) | 190/870 (21.8) | 0.021 | 820/3239 (25.3) |
| High serum levels >200 U/L | 23/2369 (1.0) | 8/870 (0.9) | 31/3239 (1.0) | |
| AST | ||||
| Median (IQR) (U/L) | 31 (23–45) | 34 (23–52) | 0.033 | 32 (23–48) |
| High serum levels ≥ 40 U/L and ≤200 U/L | 680/2051 (33.1) | 291/750 (38.8) | 0.011 | 971/2801 (34.7) |
| High serum levels >200 U/L | 17/2051 (0.8) | 9/750 (1.2) | 26/2801 (0.9) | |
| AST/ALT ratio | <0.001 | |||
| <1 | 675/2013 (33.5) | 166/733 (22.6) | 841/2746 (30.6) | |
| ≥1 | 1338/2013 (66.5) | 567/733 (77.4) | 1905/2746 (69.4) | |
| Total bilirubin | ||||
| No. of patients with data | 1920 | 730 | 2650 | |
| Median (IQR) (mg/dL) | 0.50 (0.37–0.71) | 0.56 (0.39–0.87) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.37–0.80) |
| Serum albumin | ||||
| Median (IQR) (g/dL) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | <0.001 | 3.5 (3.2–3.9) |
| Low albumin levels (<3.4 g/dL) | 310/991 (31.3) | 198/420 (47.1) | <0.001 | 508/1411 (36.0) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | ||||
| Median (IQR) (U/L) | 281 (215–382) | 318 (250–463) | <0.001 | 290 (224–403) |
| High lactate dehydrogenase (>250 U/L) | 1154/1895 (60.9) | 510/683 (74.7) | <0.001 | 1664/2578 (64.5) |
| CRP | ||||
| Median (IQR) (mg/L) | 44 (16–95) | 87 (38–168) | <0.001 | 54 (20–116) |
| High CRP levels (>5 mg/L) | 2388/2654 (90.0) | 990/1023 (96.8) | <0.001 | 3378/3677 (91.9) |
| Procalcitonin | ||||
| Median (IQR) (μg/L) | 0.09 (0.05–0.16) | 0.22 (0.10–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.06–0.25) |
| High procalcitonin levels (>0.50 μg/L) | 105/1135 (9.2) | 119/439 (27.1) | <0.001 | 224/1574 (14.2) |
| Creatine kinase | ||||
| Median (IQR) (U/L) | 90 (56–169) | 101 (56–217) | 0.048 | 92 (56–182) |
| High creatine kinase levels (>190 U/L) | 184/882 (20.9) | 102/336 (30.4) | <0.001 | 286/1218 (23.5) |
| Ferritin | ||||
| Median (IQR) (μg/L) | 611 (278–1238) | 792 (400–1670) | 0.002 | 649 (301–1363) |
| High ferritin levels (>300 μg/L) | 315/433 (72.7) | 125/153 (81.7) | 0.028 | 440/586 (75.1) |
| Interleukin 6 | ||||
| Median (IQR) (pg/mL) | 33 (13–77) | 117 (40–512) | 42 (16–105) | |
| High interleukin levels (>4.3 pg/mL) | 175/201 (87.1) | 58/58 (100.0) | 0.004 | 233/259 (90.0) |
Values are displayed as n/N with data (%) unless otherwise indicated.
ALT, alanine, aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; INR, international normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile range; WBC, white blood cell count.