Table 3.
Independent predictors of death in different clusters of variables
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
| Male sex | 1.52 (1.33–1.73) | <0.001 |
| Age (ref. 0–49 years) | ||
| 50–65 years | 3.76 (2.43–5.83) | <0.001 |
| 66–79 years | 8.87 (5.85–13.43) | <0.001 |
| 80+ years | 20.75 (13.72–31.37) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 1.81 (1.56–2.09) | <0.001 |
| Chronic heart disease | 1.58 (1.38–1.81) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | 0.003 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (not asthma) | 1.40 (1.21–1.61) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 1.21 (1.01–1.44) | 0.036 |
| Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 1.55 (1.26–1.91) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1.59 (1.03–2.43) | 0.034 |
| Chronic neurologic disorder | 1.30 (1.08–1.57) | 0.006 |
| Cancer | 1.59 (1.33–1.90) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 2.28 (1.90–2.73) | <0.001 |
| Admission signs and symptoms | ||
| Headache | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 0.70 (0.59–0.84) | <0.001 |
| Anosmia | 0.50 (0.22–1.14) | 0.099 |
| Cough | 0.70 (0.60–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Sputum production | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) | 0.002 |
| Dyspnea | 1.93 (1.69–2.19) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 0.64 (0.51–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Vomiting/nausea | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.016 |
| Altered consciousness | 2.26 (1.93–2.66) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||
| Low SaO2 (age-adjusted)a | 2.62 (2.29–3.00) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||
| WBC count (ref. <4000 × 109/L) | ||
| 4000–12 000 × 109/L | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 0.323 |
| >12 000 × 109/L | 1.54 (1.18–2.01) | 0.002 |
| Neutrophil count (ref. ≥1000/μL) | ||
| <1000/μL | 1.77 (1.12–2.79) | 0.015 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ref. <3.22 (tertile 1)) | ||
| 3.22–6.33 (tertile 2) | 1.41 (1.17–1.69) | <0.001 |
| >6.33 (tertile 3) | 2.38 (1.99–2.84) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (ref. ≥150 000 × 109/L) | ||
| <150 000 × 109/L | 1.41 (1.24–1.60) | <0.001 |
| Prolonged APTT (>39.2 seconds or ratio >1.25) | 1.34 (1.09–1.64) | 0.006 |
| INR (ref. ≤1.1) | ||
| >1.1 | 1.49 (1.28–1.73) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ref. > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||
| 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.24 (1.95–2.58) | <0.001 |
| <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.68 (2.21–3.25) | <0.001 |
| ALT (ref. <40 U/L) | ||
| 40–200 U/L | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.042 |
| >200 U/L | 0.86 (0.42–1.78) | 0.692 |
| CRP (ref. ≤5 mg/L) | ||
| >5 mg/L | 2.43 (1.69–3.49) | <0.001 |
ALT, alanine, aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; CI = confidence interval; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR = hazard ratio; INR, international normalized ratio; SaO2, arterial oxygen saturation; WBC, white blood cell count.
a
Age-adjusted low SaO2 ≤90% for patients aged >50 years and ≤93% for patients aged ≤50 years.