TABLE 2.

Comparisons of study variables between younger and older students, female and male students, and between Low SES and High SES students.

	18–21 years		22–26 years		p	d	Female		Male		p	d	Low SES		High SES		p	d
	M	SD	M	SD			M	SD	M	SD			M	SD	M	SD
Parent rejection	16.28	4.73	15.53	4.40	< 0.001	0.163	15.62	4.26	16.55	5.08	< 0.001	–0.203	16.02	4.55	15.93	4.68	0.564	0.020
Parent emotional warmth	41.90	7.72	42.04	8.16	0.577	–0.018	42.24	7.87	41.50	7.95	0.004	0.094	40.59	7.86	43.41	7.69	< 0.001	–0.363
Parent over-protection	32.27	6.76	31.23	6.94	< 0.001	0.152	31.43	6.99	32.53	6.57	< 0.001	–0.161	31.71	6.68	32.00	7.03	0.183	–0.042
Multi-thinking	11.40	2.51	11.67	2.51	0.001	–0.108	11.50	2.34	11.52	2.77	0.826	–0.008	11.37	2.45	11.66	2.57	< 0.001	–0.116
Holism	15.00	2.79	15.03	2.90	0.719	–0.011	15.15	2.62	14.79	3.15	< 0.001	0.127	14.88	2.79	15.16	2.89	0.002	–0.099
Harmoniousness	12.34	2.37	12.38	2.45	0.623	–0.017	12.47	2.21	12.17	2.67	< 0.001	0.125	12.24	2.39	12.48	2.41	0.002	–0.100
Zhongyong Thinking Style	38.75	6.68	39.10	6.99	0.118	–0.051	39.13	6.20	38.50	7.67	0.004	0.093	38.56	6.64	39.31	6.95	< 0.001	–0.110
SDS	34.84	7.35	34.22	7.51	0.010	0.084	34.55	7.26	34.64	7.69	0.712	–0.012	35.07	7.35	34.07	7.47	< 0.001	0.135
SAS	32.44	6.36	31.59	6.23	< 0.001	0.135	32.21	6.32	31.92	6.32	0.168	0.046	32.32	6.26	31.86	6.38	0.023	0.073

n = 2343 for the 18–21 years, n = 1600 for the 22–26 years; n = 2433 for female, n = 1510 for male; n = 2027 for low SES, n = 1916 for high SES. SES = socioeconomic statuses; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale; SAS = Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. d = Cohen’s d.