Table 2.
The plasma markers of lipid metabolism and enzyme activity during the study.
| Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analytes | Time | CTRL | bCD | gCD | HAP | MAP | HFgCD∗ | HF-MAP∗ |
| ALT (µkat/l) | T1 | 0.9 (0.81–0.98) | 1.02 (0.86–1.08) | 0.8 (0.69–0.87) | 0.78 (0.74–0.86) | 0.78 (0.69–0.95) | 0.81 (0.73–0.94) | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) |
| T2 | 0.89 (0.78–0.99) | 1.01 (0.86–1.16) | 0.75 (0.62–0.89) | 0.81 (0.73–0.91) | 0.78 (0.69–0.93) | 0.76 (0.702–0.90) | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | |
| T3 | 7.03 (5.62–8.15) | 4.51 (3.72–5.86) | 7.34 (5.60–7.98) | 5.12 (3.56–5.92) | 4.97 (3.44–5.28) | 5.05 (3.59–7.32) | 10.54 (9.85–11.24)a | |
|
| ||||||||
| AST (µkat/l) | T1 | 1.43 (1.36–1.89) | 1.55 (1.50–1.95) | 1.37 (1.20–1.74) | 1.46 (1.38–1.82) | 1.31 (1.25–1.60) | 1.48 (1.24–1.79) | 1.36 (1.23–1.44) |
| T2 | 1.66 (1.30–1.87) | 1.61 (1.31–1.89) | 1.45 (1.20–1.73) | 1.44 (1.31–1.68) | 1.38 (1.24–1.62) | 1.50 (1.28–1.78) | 1.39 (1.25–1.50) | |
| T3 | 7.91 (6.92–10.02) | 6.36 (5.45–8.83) | 7.85 (4.93–10.62) | 9.16 (5.97–11.01) | 8.43 (7.12–9.85) | 6.75 (5.74–9.38) | 12.29 (10.21–13.77) | |
|
| ||||||||
| tCH (mmol/l) | T1 | 1.46 (1.31–1.58) | 1.32 (1.24–1.36) | 1.49 (1.34–1.56) | 1.42 (1.28–1.58) | 1.37 (1.30–1.8) | 2.21 (2.01–2.30)a | 2.24 (2.10–2.29)a |
| T2 | 1.43 (1.25–1.62) | 1.34 (1.21–1.39) | 1.45 (1.38–1.56) | 1.47 (1.37–1.72) | 1.54 (1.37–1.72) | 1.73 (1.54–1.88)b | 1.42 (1.31–1.49)b | |
| T3 | 0.99 (0.94–1.02) | 0.99 (0.93–1.02) | 1.01 (0.82–1.14) | 0.95 (0.65–1.00) | 0.92 (0.90–1.06) | 1.86 (1.74–2.00)a,c | 1.04 (1.01–1.16) | |
|
| ||||||||
| TAG (mmol/l) | T1 | 2.19 (1.86–2.31) | 1.59 (1.52–2.02) | 1.78 (1.67–2.04) | 1.76 (1.62–2.03) | 1.71 (1.65–1.88) | 3.81 (2.86–4.77)a | 3.73 (3.01–4.56)a |
| T2 | 2.03 (1.92–2.03) | 1.56 (1.42–1.73)a | 1.79 (1.58–1.90)a | 1.73 (1.61–1.91)a | 1.11 (0.90–1.38)a | 2.09 (2.01–2.93)b | 1.92 (1.64–2.51)b | |
| T3 | 0.46 (0.43–0.62) | 0.46 (0.42–0.53) | 0.49 (0.38–0.68) | 0.36 (0.31–0.54) | 0.56 (0.44–0.62) | 0.79 (0.67–0.91)c | 0.64 (0.57–0.72)c | |
|
| ||||||||
| BA (µmol/l) | T1 | 33.53 (22.01–36.22) | 18.85 (15.31–28.32) | 23.89 (16.73–32.70) | 18.29 (15.38–26.38) | 15.70 (11.55–23.82) | 15.80 (10.67–23.67) | 18.56 (15.73–32.51) |
| T2 | 30.19 (23.81–36.95) | 17.86 (15.09–29.81) | 23.07 (19.21–30.65) | 19.85 (15.76–28.49) | 16.43 (11.92–27.96) | 14.18 (10.96–24.78) | 19.71 (13.08–25.50) | |
| T3 | 97.04 (85.72–124.73) | 111.49 (108.01–156.29) | 123.52 (94.19–156.94) | 74.05 (57.54–116.35) | 40.88 (35.17–42.10)a | 92.78 (74.51–112.01) | 39.16 (32.71–45.61)a | |
T1: biochemical markers of lipid metabolism before administration of ursolate compounds. T2: biochemical markers of lipid metabolism after administration of ursolate compounds. T3: biochemical markers of lipid metabolism 24 hours after PH. ap < 0.05 vs CTRL, bp < 0.05 vs T1 (before administration of ursolate compound), cp < 0.05 vs CTRL, bCD, gCD, HAP, and MAP). CTRL: control group, bCD: beta-cyclodextrine ursolic acid, gCD: gamma-cyclodextrine ursolic acid, HAP: homogenate apple peel, MAP: micronized apple peel, HFgCD: HF diet and gamma-cyclodextrine ursolic acid (HFgCD), HF-MAP: HF diet and micronized apple peel, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, tCH: total cholesterol, TAG: triglyceride, BA: bile acid, ∗HF diet: high-fat diet.