Table 3.
Summary of the characteristics of the included case-control studies.
| References | Country | Participants | Mean Age | Measurement/Diagnosis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD | ADHD | OCD | ||||
| Özyurt et al., 2018 [5] |
Turkey | Total Blood (81). 40 ADHD/41 HC |
ADHD: 7.9/HC: 7.8 | N/A | Blood: Serum Zonulin/DuPaul ADHD-RS-IV Inventory | N/A |
| Esnafoglu et al., 2017 [6] | Turkey | Total Blood (65). 32 ASD/33 HC |
ASD: 7.5/HC: 7.0 | Blood: Serum Zonulin and BMI/CARS | N/A | N/A |
| Józefczuk et al., 2017 [7] | Poland | Total Blood (121). 75 ASD/46 HC |
ASD: 8.1/HC: N/A | Blood: Serum Zonulin and CSA, AGA, I-FABP, /ADI-R, ADOS Scale | N/A | N/A |
| Rose et al., 2018 [8] |
U.S.A. California | Total Blood (87). 46 ASD (NoGI: 26, GI: 20), 41 TD (NoGI: 35, GI:6; Total Stool (91). 50 ASD (NoGI: 29, GI: 21), 41 TD (NoGI: 34, GI: 7) |
Blood: ASD- NoGI: 7.8/TD-NoGI: 6.8; ASD-GI: 5.7/TD-GI: 5.2; Stool: ASD- NoGI: 7.8/TD-NoGI: 7.1; ASD-GI: 6.6/TD-GI: 5.1 | Blood: Plasma Haptoglobin and Stool: Microbiome/ADI-R, ADOS | N/A | N/A |
| Işık et al., 2020 [9] |
Turkey | Total Blood (48). 24 OCD/24 HC |
OCD: 14.3/HC: 13.7 | N/A | N/A | Blood: Serum Zonulin and serum Claudin-5 and BMI/K-SADS-PL, DSM-5 and CY-BOCS, M.O.C.I., RCADS-CV |
N/A: Not available, ASD: autism spectrum disorders, ADHD: attention deficiency hyperactivity disorder, OCD: obsessive–compulsive disorder, HC: healthy controls, CSA: celiac-specific antibodies, AGA: anti-gliadin antibodies. ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, DuPaul ADHD-RS-IV Inventory: DuPaul attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rating inventory, CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale, K-SADS-PL: Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, DSM-5: DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, CY-BOCS: Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, MOCI: Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory, RCADS-CV: Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales–Child Version, BMI: Body Mass Index, I-FABP: Intestinal fatty acid binding protein. ASD—GI: with ASD and GI symptoms of irregular bowel habits, ASD—NoGI: with ASD but without current or previous GI symptoms, TD-GI: typically developing children with GI symptoms, TD-NoGI: typically developing children but without current or previous GI symptoms.