C. Temporal Distribution of PubMed Cited Reviews on Multidrug- Resistance (MDR), Extended Spectrum (XDR) Resistance, and Pan-resistance in Bacteria Recently Scored to the Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens [119]
| Questions to PubMed (Entries) | Evoked Items: Articles: A, Reviews: R) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL | 2019 | 2018 | 2009 | 2001 | ||
| A | R | R | R | R | R | |
| Helicobacter pylori MDR | 54 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Helicobacter pylori MDR/XDR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Helicobacter pylori Pandrug-resistant | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori | 316 | 33 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
| clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori MDR | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori MDR/XDR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori Pandrug-resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Campylobacter MDR | 72 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Campylobacter MDR/XDR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Campylobacter Pandrug-resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter | 69 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter MDR | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter MDR/XDR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter Pandrug-resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae MDR | 44 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae MDR/XDR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pandrug-resistant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Legend to Table 1: The number of publications on anti-Gram-negative compounds in beta-lactams is an order of magnitude larger than those publications on carbapenem. The number of publications about CRE is about a half order of magnitude larger than about ESBL and gradually increasing, especially in Enterobacteriaceae. The majority of colistin resistance-related publications appeared in the last decade, but each resistance seems to be a rather permanent, rather than alarming problem, if we consider the number of reviews as an indicator (Table 1A). The publications found by entry on MDR are very high for each ESKAPE Gram-negative pathogen, with Escherichia coli showing a significant but not sharp increase. However, MDR/XDR evoked a significant number of items, only on the clonally distributing ESKAPE pathogens, and few of the others, including E. coli. The entry PDR evoked a significant number of items, only on the clonally distributing ESKAPE pathogens, and few of the others, except for E. coli with 24 items (Table 1B). As for the new “ESKAPE Club members”, only one publication reported PDR (in Helicobacter), and none for XDR. However, the entry MDR invoked a significant number of recent publications (Table 1C).