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. 2020 Jul 4;10(7):105. doi: 10.3390/life10070105

Table 4.

Risk factors for having NL.

Variables Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval p-Value
Age # 0.97 0.96–0.99 0.005 *
Gender (1: male, 0: female) # 0.94 0.58–1.35 0.78
BMI (kg/m2) 1.03 0.97–1.09 0.30
DED (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.75 1.12–2.71 0.01 *
Sleep parameters
Sleep latency (minutes) 1.00 0.99–1.01 0.55
Sleep efficacy (%) 1.00 0.96–1.04 0.94
Sleep duration (minutes) 1.00 0.99–1.00 0.11
Subjective sleep quality 1.16 0.94–1.43 0.16
Subjective happiness 1.07 0.92–1.26 0.35
Outdoor time 1.06 0.98–1.15 0.16
Night shift (times/month) 0.98 0.91–1.06 0.62
Dryness of mouth (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.00 0.65–1.56 0.99
Number of symptoms of eyes upon awakening 1.23 1.03–1.47 0.04 *
Symptoms in detail
Difficulty opening eyes (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.99 1.00–3.95 0.049 *
Foreign body sensation (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.00 0.47–2.14 1.00
Eye pain (1: (+), 0: (−)) 2.71 1.09–6.75 0.03 *
Discharge (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.37 0.85–2.19 0.20
Tears (1: (+), 0: (−)) 0.82 0.29–2.30 0.70
Dryness (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.73 0.94–3.19 0.08
Photophobia (1: (+), 0: (−)) 1.11 0.52–2.37 0.80

NL: nocturnal lagophthalmos, BMI: body mass index, DED: dry eye disease. # Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed adjusted for age and gender. * p < 0.05.