Table 2.

Low protein diet (LPD)-controlled trials with greater than 30 participants in each study [25].^.

Study (Year)	Participants	Diet (g/kg/day)	Duration of Follow Up	Results
Rosman (1984) [35,36].	247 CKD 3–5 pts	0.90–0.95 vs. 0.70–0.80 vs. unrestricted	4 yrs	Significant CKD slowing in LPD in male pts.
Ihle (1989) [37]	72 CKD 4–5 pts	LPD (0.6) vs. higher DPI (0.8)	18 mo	Loss of GFR in control vs. LPD (p < 0.05). Wt loss
Lindenau (1990) [38]	40 CKD 5 pts	LPD vs. sVLPD (0.4) w KA	12 mo	Decreased phos. with sVLPD and improved bone health
Williams (1991) [39]	95 CKD 4–5	LPD (0.7) vs. 1.02–1.14	18 mo	No differences, minor Wt loss
Locatelli (1991) [40]	456 CKD 3–4	0.78 vs. 0.9	2 yrs	Trend for difference in renal outcomes (p = 0.059).
MDRD Klahr (1994) [41]	585 CKD 3–4	1.3 vs. 0.6	27 mo	No difference in GFR decline at 3 years.
Montes-Delgado (1998) [42]	33 CKD 3–5	LPD vs. sLPD	6 mo	Slower eGFR decline with supplements
Malvy (1999) [43]	50 CKD 4–5	sVLPD (0.3) KA vs. LPD (0.65)	3 yrs	Decreased SUN lean body mass and fat in sVLPD
Teplan (2001) [44]	105 CKD 3b–4	LPD w vs. w/o KA	3 yrs	Slower CKD progression
Prakash (2004) [45]	34 CKD 3b–4	0.6 vs. 0.3 w KA	9 mo	Faster decline in LPD
Brunori (2007) [46]	56 > 70 yrs old CKD 5	sVLPD (0.30) w KA vs. dialysis	27 mo	Similar survival but more hospitalizations in dialysis
Mircescu (2007) [47]	53 CKD 4–5	sVLPD (0.3) vegan w KA vs. LPD	48 wks	Less dialysis initiation in sVLDP
Cianciaruso (2008) [48]	423 CKD 4–5	0.55 vs. 0.80	18 mo	Reduced urinary urea, Na, phos
Di Iorio (2009) [49]	32 CKD w proteinuria	VLPD vs. LPD	6 mo	58% greater reduction in proteinuria
Jiang (2009 and 2011) [50,51].	60 PD w RKF	LPD vs. sLPD w KA vs. HPD	12 mo	RKF decreased in the LPD and HPD.
Garneata (2016) [52]	207 CKD 4–5	LPD (0.6) vs. sVLPD w KA	15 mo	Less dialysis initiation

Abbreviations: Pts.: patients, yrs: years, mo: months, Et: weight, phos.: phosphorus, sVLPD: supplemented very low protein diet.