Table 1.

Exclusion criteria used to exclude papers.

Criterion number	Exclusion criteria	Justification	Excluded articles, n
1	Duplicates	The papers have duplicate titles	39
2	Not a research article	The papers were blog articles, reports, comments, or views	23
3	Not written in English	The papers were not written in English	6
4	Review	The papers were review articles regarding general methods on big data, deep learning, and clinical applications	12
5	Not applied in the field of critical care	The papers did not focus on applications in critical care or intensive care	92
6	Not using RLa as the approach in critical care	The papers discussed issues in the critical care setting, but not using RL as an approach	115
7	No clear description of the method and result	The methods and results were not clearly described and thus not qualified for this review	1

^aRL: reinforcement learning.