Table 3.

Two-level Logistic Regression Models of Early Developmental Milestones on Individual and County-level Variables.

	Late Walking	Late Talking	Late Counting	Late Toilet-Training
Individual-Level Coefficients
Maternal education	−0.048	−0.218 *	−0.105	−0.239 *
	(0.076)	(0.098)	(0.078)	(0.103)
Female	−0.067	−0.246 ***	−0.156 **	−0.103 †
	(0.049)	(0.060)	(0.052)	(0.055)
Birth cohort (ref: 1995–1999)
2000–2004	−0.181 **	−0.223 **	−0.049	−0.023
	(0.068)	(0.080)	(0.068)	(0.071)
2005–2009	−0.527 ***	−0.494 ***	−0.900 ***	−0.900 ***
	(0.072)	(0.085)	(0.077)	(0.081)
After 2010	−0.798 ***	−0.739 ***	−1.119 ***	−1.229 ***
	(0.075)	(0.092)	(0.082)	(0.088)
Minority	0.278 **	0.147	−0.124	−0.129
	(0.099)	(0.128)	(0.112)	(0.131)
Birth weight (ref: normal weight)
Low birth weight	0.530 ***	0.312 *	0.322 **	0.191
	(0.103)	(0.126)	(0.116)	(0.126)
Unknown	0.459 ***	0.221 *	0.573 ***	0.250 **
	(0.080)	(0.097)	(0.083)	(0.091)
Gestational age (ref: ≥37 weeks)
<37 weeks	0.508 ***	−0.098	−0.188	−0.049
	(0.121)	(0.167)	(0.148)	(0.155)
Urban hukou before age 3	−0.200 *	−0.203 †	−0.605 ***	−0.254 *
	(0.090)	(0.110)	(0.102)	(0.099)
Maternal age at delivery (ref: <20)
20–24	0.008	−0.128	−0.051	−0.095
	(0.133)	(0.162)	(0.143)	(0.154)
25–29	0.028	−0.156	0.033	−0.106
	(0.135)	(0.163)	(0.144)	(0.155)
30–34	0.201	−0.132	0.079	−0.038
	(0.141)	(0.173)	(0.152)	(0.163)
35+	0.145	0.034	0.109	−0.298
	(0.159)	(0.192)	(0.172)	(0.187)
County-level coefficients
Ln (GDP per capita)	−0.371 ***	−0.092	−0.299 ***	−0.022
	(0.054)	(0.066)	(0.062)	(0.071)
Urban population %	0.000	0.001	−0.008 **	−0.006 *
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Cross-level interaction coefficients
Maternal education × Ln (GDP per capita)	0.000	0.017 †	0.004	0.019 †
	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.010)
Constant	2.425 ***	−0.538	2.305 ***	−0.717
	(0.526)	(0.647)	(0.606)	(0.693)
N	11,361	10,324	10,061	10,751

Notes. Standard errors in parentheses; † p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.