Table 2.

Summary of themes.

Theme	Definition	Examples (Quotes)
Theme 1: ʻĀina is everything, and therefore, we as people are ʻāina.	Code as theme if the information was interpreted as the following: 1.Connection: What feeds us (not just physically, spiritually, mentally emotionally), we are all connected.	1.Connection: “[ʻĀina means] everything. It’s all connected on every level mentally, spiritually, physically... not just land, not just ocean... everything.” “ʻĀina is everything. It holds us. It keeps us. ʻĀina is the keeper, we [are] just part of it.”
	2.Intergenerational Knowledge: Intergenerational health is reflected through intergenerational knowledge about ʻāina passed on from parents, grandparents, kūpuna, and through a sense of kuleana to pass this knowledge on to future generations.	2.Intergenerational Knowledge: “Our parents would treat us with homemade remedies... they took care of us with what they had and they understood the plants and how to use them.”
	3.Colonization: Disrupted values and integrated intergenerational knowledge with intergenerational trauma, especially in relation to people’s connection with ʻāina. Colonization also led to an acknowledgement that multiple truths exist.	3.Colonization: “Everybody’s connected to a thing [technology] instead of connected to each other.” “As we got older, they developed frozen foods and convenience foods. So we began to change and eat those things which made us very momona and unhealthy… what we need to do is go back to eating… the foods that we grew up with then the health will return.” “Eating ʻāina-based foods is hard too because we no more ʻāina to grow.” “Nobody owns the land. That was the mentality... It’s everybody’s as long as you take on the kuleana. It’s your kuleana, but it’s not your land... we cannot technically own any land.
	4.Mālama: Acts of reciprocity for ʻāina, a family member. Mālama also led to intergenerational healing with community and family activities lefted in mālama ʻāina.	4.Mālama: “The quality of the land and the water is a reflection of the quality of our health as people.”
Theme 2: ʻĀina is health.	Code as theme if the information was interpreted as the following: 1.Connection: When people open up their heart, ʻāina will heal. Healthy connection to ʻāina leads to healthy people.	1.Connection: “We think it’s just physical healing, but there’s that spiritual one, that emotional connection. Once you get that connection with ʻāina you’re already feeling better. To me, mental and spiritual health manifests spiritually. If we [are] not taking care of all aspects, then of course we’ll be unbalanced and get sick.” “Nutrition comes directly from the land. Medicines come from the land. Everything comes out of the land, even us, knowing that we come from kalo... so healing comes out of the land, as well as birth comes out of the land.”
	2.Intergenerational Knowledge: Lāʻau and ocean as healing and a mechanism of sustaining health.	2.Intergenerational Knowledge: “When we were sick, we went down to the ocean for healing. We didn’t have the runoff or the chemicals that come down from golf courses and people using chemicals on the land with farming.”
	3.Colonization: Prior to colonization, ʻāina was a lot healthier and plentiful. The negative impacts of outsiders and foreigners also lead to negative impacts on health.	3.Colonization: “We grew up learning how to swim here at Pāhonu. Our uncles use to take us fishing and spear diving... it was plentiful... now it’s scarce. No more that much and it was in a short time.”
	4.Mālama: Intergenerational healing. We take care of ʻāina because ʻāina takes care of us.	4.Mālama: “It’s important to know... ʻāina is yours and take care of it because she’s [ʻāina] gentle, kind, healing. You can always go to her.”
Theme 3: Community healing resulting from community initiatives	Code as theme if the information was interpreted as the following: 1.Colonization: Traumatic events or adversities from colonization that had severe impacts on the community at large.	1.Colonization: “Take away language, culture, to make us reliant. They give us food instead of making us grow our own, making us dependent on the government. They took away what was self-sustaining us. In a perfect world, we need to go back.”“When the haoles made [land ownership]... they went and bought up places and places and the [Hawaiians] didn’t understand. They took all the land away from them... the land that they lived on.”“The cost of living is too high…. Everybody that we know is participating in something that is not working… ʻāina is the solution. We cannot live without it. It’s being manipulated… in the name of money, not in the name of mālama.”
	2.Connection:Connection to ʻāina is aloha. This is expressed through relationships and mālama.	2.Connection: “I’m so touched by these young people of Waimānalo that they give their all to build Pāhonu and plant this limu. It means everything to me… I’m so grateful to this Limu Hui and everyone connected… it’s life, it’s sustenance to have [limu] come back. This is kānaka living.”
	3.Intergenerational Knowledge: Sharing of place names and moʻolelo, and values of giving, sharing, mālama.	3.Intergenerational Knowledge: “By learning who we are and where we came from through moʻolelo and our values, it will allow us to move forward and face challenges that come up because we’ll be grounded in ourselves and in our community.”
	4.Mālama: Healing happens through mālama ʻāina.	4.Mālama: “Many people come to the [Waimānalo] Limu Hui and they feel a part of the solution... you come here, you do something, and you see a physical result from it... teaching all these babies they can do things, they can make a difference.”