Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline.
| Variable | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| KD (n = 55) | MAD (n = 58) | LGIT diet (n = 57) | |
| Age, mo | |||
| Mean (SD) | 62.2 (38.1) | 62.3 (40.2) | 63.8 (37.0) |
| Median (IQR) | 52 (31-89) | 51 (31-79) | 54 (32.5-82) |
| Male sex | 37 (67.3) | 49 (84.5) | 42 (73.7) |
| Diagnosis | |||
| Structural epilepsy | 33 (60.0) | 41 (70.7) | 41 (71.9) |
| Genetic epilepsy | 16 (29.1) | 12 (20.7) | 14 (24.6) |
| Genetic epilepsy with structural abnormality | 6 (10.9) | 5 (8.6) | 2 (3.5) |
| Age at first seizure, mo | |||
| Mean (SD) | 6.74 (11.46) | 9.5 (21.03) | 9.19 (18.92) |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (0-8) | 2 (0-8) | 0 (0-8.5) |
| Type of seizure at enrollment | |||
| Spasms | 33 (60.0) | 41 (70.7) | 38 (66.7) |
| Myoclonic (other than spasms) | 26 (47.2) | 23 (39.7) | 21 (36.8) |
| Tonic | 31 (56.4) | 33 (56.9) | 39 (68.4) |
| GTCS | 3 (5.5) | 3 (5.2) | 1 (1.8) |
| Focal | 10 (18.2) | 11 (18.9) | 17 (29.8) |
| Absence | 13 (23.6) | 14 (24.1) | 13 (22.8) |
| Multifocal | 31 (56.3) | 35 (60.3) | 41 (71.9) |
| Antiepileptic drugs | |||
| 2-3 | 35 (63.6) | 27 (46.6) | 26 (45.6) |
| ≥4 | 20 (36.4) | 31 (53.4) | 31 (54.4) |
| Median (IQR) | 3 (3-4) | 4 (3-4) | 4 (3-4) |
| Developmental delay | |||
| GM | 41 (74.5) | 46 (79.3) | 43 (75.4) |
| FM | 44 (80.0) | 49 (89.1) | 49 (85.9) |
| Language | 50 (90.9) | 50 (86.2) | 52 (91.2) |
| Sociocognitive | 51 (92.7) | 52 (89.7) | 54 (94.7) |
| Clinical examination | |||
| Normal | 9 (16.4) | 2 (3.4) | 2 (3.5) |
| Pyramidal signs | 36 (65.5) | 43 (74.1) | 45 (78.9) |
| Extrapyramidal signs | 10 (18.2) | 13 (22.4) | 10 (17.5) |
| Cranial nerve palsy | 13 (23.6) | 17 (29.3) | 12 (21.1) |
| Baseline daily seizures | |||
| Mean (SD) | 20.2 (25.1) | 20 (29.3) | 20.1 (38.7) |
| Median (IQR) | 9 (6-19) | 8.5 (5-20) | 9 (4.5-19.5) |
Abbreviations: FM, fine motor; GM, gross motor; GTCS, generalized tonic clonic seizures; IQR, interquartile range; KD, ketogenic diet; LGIT, low glycemic index therapy; MAD, modified Atkins diet.