Table 1.

Summary of the probiotic strain’s effects in obesity and related metabolic disorders from selected clinical trials.

Report Reference	Population Characteristics	Probiotic Strain	Probiotic Doses CFU/day	Pattern Administration ITD (CFU)	Microbiota Modulation Capacities	Clinical Impact and Parameter Modifications
						Weight	Biomarkers	Gut Hormones
Jones et al. [46]	19 Obese Latino adolescents	VSL#3* (Multispecies)	1.35 × 1015	16–18 Weeks 1.5–1.7 × 1017	No microbiota modification ↔ Firmicutes ↔ Bacteroides	↑BMI ↑Adiposity ↑Fat mass	↔ Glucose	↔ Leptin, GLP-1 and GLP-2 ↔ Insulin levels
Rajkumar et al. [50]	60 Overweight (30 women and 30 men)	VSL#3* (Multispecies) VSL#3*+ Omega-3	1.1 × 1011	6 weeks 4.6 × 1012	↑ Total bacteria ↑ Total anaerobes ↑ Lactabacillus, Bifidobacteria, Streptococcus and Bacteroides. ↓ Coliform, E.coli	↓ BMI	↑ HDL ↓ LDL, VLDL, TAG ↓ Glucose ↓hsCRP	↓ Insulin levels
Brahe et al. [51]	58 Obese postmenopausal women	L. paracasei subsp.paracaseiF19	9.4 × 1010	6 weeks 4 × 1012	↑Eubacterium rectaleand Ruminococcus torques	↔ BMI	↔ LDL, VLDL, TAG, Cholesterol, ↑hsCRP	↔ ISI↔ Leptin
Simon et al. [48]	10 Obese and 11 lean, all glucose-tolerant	Lactobacillus reuteri SD5865	2 × 1010	4 weeks 5.6 × 1011	No microbiota modification ↔ Total bacterial ↔Enterobacteria ↔Lactobacilli, ↑Lactobacillus reuteri	↑ BMI obese, ↔ Ectopic fat	↔ Glucose	↑ Insulin levels and C-peptide secretion ↑ GLP-1 and GLP-2
Mobini et al. [47]	46 (11 women and 36 men) Obese/diabetes	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938	Group 1: 1 × 108	12 weeks 8.4 × 109	No microbiota modification Euryarcheota was initially elevated ↑Methanobacteria	↑ BMI ↑ Weight	↔ LDL, VLDL, TAG and Total Cholesterol	↔ Leptin levels.
			Group 2: 1 × 1010	8.4 × 1011	No microbiota modification	↔ BMI ↔ Weight	↔Lipid metabolism	↔ Leptin levels. ↑ ISI
Sánchez et al. [49]	125 Healthy overweight men and women	Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724	3.2 × 108	12 weeks 2.7 × 1010 24 weeks 5.4 × 1010	↓Subdoligranulum sp. in women No microbiota modification in men	↓Weight in women ↔Weight in men	↔Total Cholesterol	↓Leptin levels in women.

* VSL#3 (Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM24735, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM24730, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM24733 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM24734; Streptococcus thermophilus DSM2473; Bifidobacterium breve DSM24732, Bifidobacterium longum DSM24736, Bifidobacterium infantis DSM24737); ISI: Insulin sensibility Index; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2: Glucagon-like peptide-2; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI: body mass index; aGLP-1: active Glucagon-like peptide-1; TAG: triglycerides; ALT: liver toxicity biomarker alanine transaminase; CFU: colony-forming unit; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein. ↑Higher; ↓ Lower; ↔ Equal