Table 2.
Feasibility studies.
| First Author (No. of Perform. MDs) | No. of Patients | Procedure Time (min) | Fluoroscopy Time (min) | Contrast Volume (mL) | No. of Angiograms | Realism | Kirkpatrick’s Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAS | |||||||
| Hislop (2009) [19] (3 MDs) d | 5 | 23 (19–42) vs. 83 (57–208) * |
12 (10–14) vs. 13 (7–15) |
57 (52–70) vs. 119 (57–175) * |
N/A | GRS: 5 (4–5) |
1 |
| Roguin (2009) [20] (1 MD) | 1 | N/A | 2.5 min <average | 55 cc <average | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| Willaert (2010) [21] (2 MDs) | 1 | 24.04 vs. 60.44 | 11.19 vs. 21.04 | 70 vs. 120 | 6 vs. 13 | Likert: 4 (2–5) |
1 |
| Willaert (2012) [22] (3 MD) e | 15 | 23.75 (13–29) vs. 40.00 (28–62) *,^ | 9.70 (4.5–15) vs. 11.24 (7.5–22) ^ | 90.00 vs. 100.00 | 7 vs. 10 * | Likert: 4 |
1 |
| EVAR | |||||||
| Desender (2013) [23] (9 MDs) f | 10 ** | 32 (IQR 24–41) vs. 43 (IQR 39–60) * |
13 (IQR 11–16) vs. 10 (IQR 8–18) |
80 (IQR 75–97) vs. 80 (IQR 61–92) |
5 (IQR 4–8.5) vs. 6 (IQR 4.5–7) |
Likert: 4 (IQR 3–5) |
1 |
| Pakeliani (2019) [24] (1 MD) g | 10 | 54 ± 14 (37–80) vs. 69 ± 16 (45–90) + |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 |
| TEVAR | |||||||
| Desender (2017) [25] (2 MDs) | 2 | Sim. time for 1 patient: 16 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 |
CAS = carotid artery stenting; EVAR = endovascular aortic aneurism repair; TEVAR = endovascular thoracic aortic repair; N/A = not available; IQR = interquartile ranges; GRS = global rating scale; MD = Medical Doctor. All values are medians (range) unless otherwise stated. Metrics compare simulation vs. real case. * Statistically significant P-value (p < 0.05). ^ Range not stated, but manually read from a figure. + Mean ± standard deviation (range). ** One patient excluded from analysis. d Surgeons had previous carotid stent experience, mean of 51 (range 13 to 80) with a mean of 16 (range 6 to 20) over the previous year. e All were defined as experienced practitioners in CAS, meaning that all had performed more than 50 CAS procedures in total. f The lead interventionalists had performed more than 500 endovascular procedures, and 7/9 had performed at least 50 EVARs as the primary operator. g Performed more than 50 cases.