Table 3.

Effect of Kokedama on physiological indices.

Physiological Indices	Pre-Test	Post-Test	p	t	Effect Size
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	131.5 ± 3.7	136.5 ± 3.7	0.359	0.927	0.28
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	76.5 ± 3.7	81. 5 ± 1.8	0.253	1.160	0.35
Pulse rate (bpm)	74.2 ± 2.9	72.3 ± 2.9	0.650	−0.457	0.14
Salivary amylase activity (KU/L)	28.8 ± 3.4	14.5 ± 1.9	0.000 ***	−3.548	1.07

Data are expressed as the mean± standard error. t: The t-test statistic for a paired sample t-test; p: The p-value (probability value) for the t-test statistic. *** was considered significant at p < 0.001 paired-sample t-test. The effect size is reported by Cohen’s d.