Table 1.
General characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Total Participants | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Periodontitis | Control | ||
| Age (mean, SD, y) | 54.8 (7.9) | 53.0 (8.3) | <0.001 † |
| Age group (n, %, y) | <0.001 * | ||
| 40–49 | 2650 (26.6) | 46,132 (36.8) | |
| 50–59 | 4332 (43.4) | 48,796 (38.9) | |
| 60–69 | 2772 (27.8) | 28,215 (22.5) | |
| 70–79 | 219 (2.2) | 2161 (1.7) | |
| Sex (n, %) | <0.001 * | ||
| Men | 3851 (38.6) | 43,400 (34.6) | |
| Women | 6122 (61.4) | 81,904 (65.4) | |
| BMI (mean, SD, kg/m2) | 24.0 (2.9) | 23.9 (2.9) | <0.001 † |
| Income (n, %) | <0.001 * | ||
| Missing, no response | 765 (7.7) | 10,849 (8.7) | |
| Lowest | 3437 (34.5) | 35,580 (28.4) | |
| Middle | 3675 (36.8) | 49,421 (39.4) | |
| Highest | 2096 (21.0) | 29,454 (23.5) | |
| Smoking status (n, %) | <0.001 * | ||
| Nonsmoker | 6689 (67.1) | 91,108 (72.7) | |
| Past smoker | 1795 (18.0) | 18,591 (14.8) | |
| Current smoker | 1489 (14.9) | 15,605 (12.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | <0.001 * | ||
| Non-drinker | 4787 (48.0) | 64,024 (51.1) | |
| Past drinker | 479 (4.8) | 4536 (3.6) | |
| Current drinker | 4707 (47.2) | 56,744 (45.3) | |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 2771 (27.8) | 28,068 (22.4) | <0.001 * |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 1176 (11.8) | 9812 (7.8) | <0.001 * |
| Hyperlipidemia (n, %) | 2204 (22.1) | 17,485 (14.0) | <0.001 * |
| Nutritional intake (mean, SD) | |||
| Total calories (kcal/d) | 1760.2 (580.5) | 1749.5 (569.4) | 0.069 |
| Protein (g/d) | 58.9 (26.6) | 59.8 (26.4) | 0.002 † |
| Fat (g/d) | 27.5 (18.5) | 28.3 (18.2) | <0.001 † |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 315.0 (95.2) | 309.8 (92.8) | <0.001 † |
| Stroke (n, %) | 207 (2.1) | 1523 (1.2) | <0.001 * |
| Ischemic heart disease (n, %) | 494 (5.0) | 3756 (3.0) | <0.001 * |
* Chi-square test. Significance set at p < 0.05; † Independent t-test. Significance set at p < 0.05. BMI: body mass index.