Table 2.
Principal outbreaks of WNV infection in human and different animal species.
| Country/Continent | Place/Region/City | Year | Host | Form of the Disease | WNV strain | Lineage | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | New York City | 1999 | Human | Neuroinvasive | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [153,228,301,319,320] |
| USA | New York | 1999 | Horse | Neuroinvasive | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [319] |
| USA | Georgia | 2001–2004 | Birds | Neuroinvasive | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [321,322,323,324] |
| USA | North America | 2002 | Birds | - | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [325] |
| USA | Southern California | 2004 | Birds | Neuroinvasive and gastrointestinal | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [326,327] |
| USA | District of Columbia California |
2013 | Horse | Neuroinvasive | WNVNY99 | Lineage 1 | [328] |
| Australia | New South Wales | 2011 | Horse | Neuroinvasive | WNVNSW2011 | Lineage I | [329] |
| Romania | Several districts | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome |
Various strains of lineage 2 | Lineage 2 | [330] | |
| Russia | Volgograd Region | 1999 | Human | Neuroinvasive | Lineage 1 | [331] | |
| Israel | Various geographical areas | 2000 | Human | Neuroinvasive Gastrointestinal |
[287] | ||
| Serbia | - | 2012 | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome Gastrointestinal |
- | - | [2] |
| Romania | Several districts | 2016–2017 | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome |
WN-Romania-1996 | Lineage 2 | [306] |
| Greece | Various geographical areas | 2010 | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome |
Nea Santa-Greece-2010 | Lineage 2 | [150,332] |
| Hungary | Various geographical areas | Horse | Neuroinvasive | Various strains of lineage 2 | Lineage 2 | [333] | |
| Italy | Various geographical areas | Horse Human |
Neuroinvasive | Various strains of lineage 1 and 2 | Lineage 1 and 2 | [334] | |
| Israel | Central Israel | 2015 | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome |
- | - | [335] |
| Israel | Eilat | 1998 | Birds | Neuroinvasive | - | lineage 1 and 2 | [220] |
| Tunisia | Sfax area (South Eastern Tunisia) | 1997 | Human | Neuroinvasive | - | - | [336] |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kisangani Kapalata military camp |
1998 | Humans | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome Gastrointestinal |
- | - | [337] |
| Sudan | Nuba Mountains | 2002 | Human | Neuroinvasive | - | - | [338] |
| Tunisia | Monastir, Mahdia and Sousse | 2003 | Human | Neuroinvasive WNV Fever syndrome Gastrointestinal |
- | - | [339] |
| South Africa | Pretoria | 2008–2009 | Human | Neuroinvasive | - | Lineage 1 | [340] |
| Gabon | Libreville | 2009 | Human | Neuroinvasive | - | - | [341] |
| Madagascar | 2010 | Horse | [342] | ||||
| South Africa | Ceres in the Western Cape | 2010 | Horse | SAE75/10 | Lineage 1 | [343] | |
| Zambia | Southern Province | 2019 | Nile Crocodile | Neuroinvasive Cutaneous |
Croc110/2019/ZM | Lineage 1a | [344] |