Table 3.
Consumption of energy, nutrients, and food groups according to Dietary Diversity in ELANS.
| Variables | DDS < 5 | DDS ≥ 5 | p | η2 (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Energy (kcal) | 1721.75 | 527.00 | 1902.50 | 505.93 | 0.0001 | 3 |
| Macronutrients * | ||||||
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Plants (g) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 4 |
| Added Sugars (g) | 36.86 | 16.12 | 32.53 | 13.10 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Trans Fatty Acids (g) | 1.28 | 0.88 | 1.19 | 0.82 | 0.001 | 0.3 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 144.83 | 48.25 | 150.30 | 45.32 | 0.001 | 0.3 |
| Monounsaturated Fats (g) | 11.27 | 2.57 | 11.04 | 2.47 | 0.005 | 0.2 |
| Protein (g) | 40.20 | 7.88 | 40.70 | 7.37 | 0.050 | 0.1 |
| Saturated Fats (g) | 11.11 | 2.91 | 10.94 | 2.81 | 0.068 | 0.1 |
| Total Fats (g) | 33.95 | 6.46 | 33.64 | 6.16 | 0.137 | 0.1 |
| Polyunsaturated Fats (g) | 8.68 | 2.26 | 8.59 | 2.04 | 0.193 | 0.01 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 138.10 | 20.94 | 138.67 | 20.13 | 0.403 | 0.01 |
| Micronutrients * | ||||||
| Vitamin A (mg) | 293.56 | 151.00 | 345.36 | 149.46 | 0.001 | 3 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 117.72 | 25.73 | 126.84 | 25.75 | 0.001 | 3 |
| Pyridoxine (mg) | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.90 | 0.21 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Vitamin D (mg) | 1.73 | 1.12 | 2.02 | 1.09 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 524.29 | 111.01 | 552.35 | 102.24 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Folate Equivalents (mg) | 262.13 | 70.96 | 276.90 | 66.91 | 0.001 | 1 |
| Zinc (mg) | 6.31 | 3.28 | 5.80 | 2.18 | 0.001 | 0.8 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 48.30 | 75.29 | 57.81 | 47.24 | 0.001 | 0.6 |
| Calcium (mg) | 290.82 | 115.83 | 307.45 | 106.89 | 0.001 | 0.5 |
| Cooper (mg) | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.47 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Cobalamin (mg) | 2.14 | 0.94 | 2.23 | 0.88 | 0.002 | 0.2 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.88 | 0.20 | 0.86 | 0.17 | 0.003 | 0.2 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1370.50 | 473.38 | 1331.06 | 555.28 | 0.023 | 0.1 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.059 | 0.1 |
| Iron (mg) | 6.78 | 1.64 | 6.84 | 1.42 | 0.234 | 0.01 |
| Selenium (mg) | 60.81 | 12.41 | 60.39 | 10.75 | 0.275 | 0.01 |
| Niacin (mg) | 11.92 | 2.74 | 11.84 | 2.45 | 0.376 | 0.01 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.82 | 0.21 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.515 | 0.01 |
| Food groups * | ||||||
| Fruit (g) | 31.24 | 35.14 | 50.34 | 44.62 | 0.001 | 5 |
| Fiber (g) | 7.66 | 2.48 | 8.74 | 2.59 | 0.001 | 4 |
| Vegetables (g) | 53.34 | 33.62 | 63.39 | 32.37 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Processed Red Meat (g) | 11.89 | 9.09 | 9.74 | 7.84 | 0.001 | 2 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (g) | 380.57 | 254.48 | 329.68 | 185.59 | 0.001 | 1 |
| Read Meat (g) | 35.93 | 19.40 | 32.62 | 17.58 | 0.001 | 0.8 |
| Dairy (g) | 46.38 | 49.74 | 54.39 | 51.95 | 0.001 | 0.6 |
| Nuts and Seeds (g) | 0.71 | 2.37 | 1.29 | 4.61 | 0.001 | 0.6 |
| Wholegrains (g) | 4.29 | 7.93 | 5.43 | 9.03 | 0.001 | 0.4 |
| Beans and Legumes (g) | 18.20 | 19.14 | 20.17 | 17.82 | 0.001 | 0.3 |
| Fish (g) | 10.08 | 11.40 | 10.43 | 10.82 | 0.340 | 0.01 |
DDS < 5: diverse diet. DDS ≥ 5: non-diverse diet. SD: Standard deviation. η2: Eta squared coefficients for estimating the effect size. * Adjusted for 1000 kcal/day.