Table 1.
Study group characteristics according to sociodemographic factors.
| Variables | Poland (n = 4110)% | Austria (n = 1783)% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12–24 Months (n = 2680) | 25–36 Months (n = 1430) | p-Value | 12–24 Months (n = 941) | 25–36 Months (n = 842) | p-Value | |
| Maternal age: | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ||||
| <25 years | 5.3 | 3.4 | 6.4 | 2.7 | ||
| 25–29 years | 36.5 | 24.8 | 28.4 | 23.3 | ||
| 30–34 years | 44.7 | 53.4 | 39.4 | 40.1 | ||
| 35–39 years | 12.2 | 16.4 | 22.4 | 27.2 | ||
| ≥40 years | 1.3 | 2 | 3.4 | 6.7 | ||
| Maternal education: | 0.294 | 0.557 | ||||
| Primary and vocational | 1.1 | 0.7 | 27.2 | 25.1 | ||
| High school | 12 | 11 | 3.4 | 3.8 | ||
| University | 86.9 | 88.3 | 69.4 | 71.1 | ||
| Household size: | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ||||
| 2 persons | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 3 | ||
| 3 persons | 66.8 | 52.1 | 55.5 | 36.2 | ||
| 4 persons | 23.6 | 38.3 | 30.9 | 46.3 | ||
| 5 persons | 5.5 | 5.7 | 8.5 | 10.1 | ||
| ≥6 persons | 2.1 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 4.4 | ||
| Parity: | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ||||
| Primiparas | 73.3 | 55.8 | 57.1 | 38.2 | ||
| Multiparas | 26.7 | 44.2 | 42.9 | 61.8 | ||
| Living area: | 0.601 | 0.839 | ||||
| Rural | 17.5 | 16.9 | 56.5 | 56.1 | ||
| Urban | 82.5 | 83.1 | 43.5 | 43.9 | ||
| Living macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | 0.339 | 0.495 | ||||
| 47–50% | 14.4 | 12.7 | - | - | ||
| 51–100% | 62.3 | 63.2 | 5.7 | 5.3 | ||
| 101–110% | 23.3 | 24.1 | 43.6 | 40.3 | ||
| 111–130% | - | - | 25.8 | 26.7 | ||
| 131–150% | - | - | 9.3 | 11.3 | ||
| >150% | - | - | 15.6 | 16.4 | ||
| Average monthly income per capita 1: | 0.468 | 0.008 | ||||
| 1st category | 1.5 | 1.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | ||
| 2nd category | 15 | 13.5 | 20.6 | 21 | ||
| 3rd category | 32.7 | 32.8 | 33.5 | 29.3 | ||
| 4th category | 17.7 | 16.6 | 27.5 | 25.1 | ||
| 5th category | 11.6 | 13.3 | 8.5 | 12.9 | ||
| 6th category | 21.5 | 22.3 | 1.6 | 3 | ||
| Infant gender: | 0.628 | 0.211 | ||||
| Girl | 48.1 | 47.3 | 51.5 | 48.6 | ||
| Boy | 51.9 | 52.7 | 48.5 | 51.4 | ||
| Timing of CFI: | ≤0.001 | 0.878 | ||||
| <4 months | 2 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 4.5 | ||
| 4–6 months | 59.4 | 62.6 | 74.9 | 75.5 | ||
| ≥7 months | 38.6 | 34 | 20.8 | 20 | ||
| Complementary feeding method: | 0.004 | 0.076 | ||||
| TSF | 26.9 | 30.2 | 38.9 | 33.7 | ||
| mixed | 56.6 | 51.1 | 47.7 | 51.4 | ||
| BLW | 16.5 | 18.7 | 13.4 | 14.9 | ||
| Types of CF: | 0.228 | 0.733 | ||||
| Ready-to-eat foods | 22 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 24 | ||
| Homemade foods | 48.5 | 46.2 | 51.5 | 51.4 | ||
| Family foods | 29.5 | 32 | 25.8 | 24.6 | ||
| Currently BF: | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 | ||||
| No | 38.8 | 72 | 62.4 | 81 | ||
| Yes | 61.2 | 28 | 37.6 | 19 | ||
| EBF duration: | ≤0.001 | 0.506 | ||||
| Never BF | 5.3 | 5.5 | 8.1 | 9.5 | ||
| Never EBF | 50 | 51.4 | 32.1 | 28.3 | ||
| 1–3 months | 1.9 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 7.5 | ||
| 4–5 months | 7.8 | 11.3 | 25.5 | 25.7 | ||
| 6–7 months | 34.7 | 28.6 | 25.5 | 26.7 | ||
| >7 months | 0.3 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | ||
1. Average monthly income per capita categories depends on country: 1st category < 500 PLN (Poland)/< 1000 EUR (Austria); 2nd category 500–1000 PLN/1000–1500 EUR; 3rd category 1001–2000 PLN/1501–2000 EUR; 4th category 2001–2500 PLN/2001–3000 EUR; 5th category 2501–3000 PLN/3001–5000 EUR; 6th category ≥3001 PLN/≥5001 EUR; BF—breastfeeding; BLW—baby-led weaning; CF—complementary foods; CFI—complementary feeding introduction; EBF—exclusive breastfeeding, TSF—traditional spoon-feeding.