Table 2.
Multivariate regression analysis models of factors influencing the use of added salt, sugar, and salt and sugar in the Polish toddlers (n = 4110).
| Factors | Variable | 12–24 Months | 25–36 Months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 2680) | (n = 1430) | ||||||
| AS aOR (95% CI) | ASu aOR (95% CI) | AS&Su aOR (95% CI) | AS aOR (95% CI) | ASu aOR (95% CI) | AS&Su aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Sociodemographic Factors | Toddler age: | 1.18 (1.15–1.21) *** | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) *** | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) *** | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| Maternal age: | |||||||
| < 25 years | 0.91 (0.61–1.38) | 1.34 (0.89–2.02) | 1.09 (0.70–1.70) | 1.07 (0.48–2.38) | 2.72 (1.31–5.65) ** | 2.22 (1.12–4.37) * | |
| 25–29 years | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 1.11 (0.91–1.37) | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) | 1.49 (1.13–1.96) ** | 1.43 (1.09–1.87) ** | |
| 30–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–39 years | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 1.36 (0.95–1.94) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | |
| ≥ 40 years | 0.59 (0.28–1.23) | 0.20 (0.07–0.59) ** | 0.27 (0.09–0.83) * | 1.54 (0.60–3.94) | 0.71 (0.33–1.52) | 0.88 (0.41–1.92) | |
| Maternal education: | |||||||
| Primary and vocational | 2.03 (0.83–4.96) | 1.39 (0.63–3.05) | 2.11 (0.94–4.72) | 2.29 (0.28–19.06) | 1.15 (0.27–4.85) | 1.65 (0.40–6.84) | |
| High school | 1.08 (0.83–1.42) | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.65 (1.03–2.64) * | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | |
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Parity: | |||||||
| Primiparas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Multiparas | 1.80 (1.47–2.20) *** | 1.37 (1.12–1.67) ** | 1.55 (1.26–1.92) *** | 1.32 (1.01–1.71) * | 1.37 (1.09–1.72) ** | 1.38 (1.10–1.73) ** | |
| Living area: | |||||||
| Rural | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 1.08 (0.76–1.52) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 1.15 (0.86–1.54) | |
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | |||||||
| 47–50% | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 0.79 (0.57–1.07) | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | 1.05 (0.71–1.55) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | |
| 51–100% | 0.99 (0.80–1.21) | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.98 (0.73–1.33) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | |
| 101–110% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Average monthly income per capita (PLN): | |||||||
| <500 | 1.35 (0.64–2.84) | 0.94 (0.45–2.00) | 1.55 (0.71–3.37) | 2.23 (0.61–8.08) | 1.67 (0.57–4.86) | 2.02 (0.74–5.54) | |
| 500–1000 | 1.26 (0.90–1.75) | 1.30 (0.92–1.82) | 1.62 (1.12–2.36) * | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | |
| 1001–2000 | 1.13 (0.85–1.49) | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | |
| 2001–2500 | 1.40 (1.03–1.90) * | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | 1.71 (1.21–2.42) ** | 1.32 (0.84–2.06) | 1.01 (0.67–1.51) | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | |
| 2501–3000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥3001 | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.20 (0.79–1.81) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | |
| Feeding-Related Factors | Timing of CFI: | ||||||
| <4 months | 1.24 (0.51–1.74) | 1.01 (0.55–1.85) | 0.82 (0.42–1.59) | 1.31 (0.57–2.97) | 0.69 (0.36–1.33) | 0.80 (0.41–1.54) | |
| 4–6 months | 1.09 (0.91–1.32) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) | 1.20 (0.93–1.54) | |
| ≥7 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Complementary feeding method: | |||||||
| TSF | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) * | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | |
| Mixed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| BLW | 0.70 (0.55–0.90) ** | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.69 (0.49–0.98) * | 0.61 (0.44–0.83) ** | 0.63 (0.46–0.87) ** | |
| Types of CF: | |||||||
| Commercial | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.88 (0.66–1.19) | 0.60 (0.40–1.34) | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.76 (0.53–1.08) | |
| Homemade | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.80 (0.60–1.06) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | |
| Family | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Currently BF: | |||||||
| No | 1.08 (0.89–1.30) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.71 (1.27–2.29) *** | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 1.15 (0.88–1.51) | |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| EBF duration: | |||||||
| Never BF | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 1.65 (1.10–2.48) * | 1.46 (0.94–2.27) | 3.50 (1.69–7.27) *** | 1.16 (0.65–2.09) | 1.47 (0.83–2.60) | |
| Never EBF | 1.04 (0.87–1.26) | 1.11 (0.91–1.34) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.34 (1.01–1.79) * | 1.16 (0.90–1.51) | 1.20 (0.92–1.55) | |
| 1–3 months | 1.77 (0.93–3.36) | 0.92 (0.48–1.76) | 1.28 (0.67–2.48) | 1.35 (0.56–3.26) | 1.05 (0.49–2.23) | 1.33 (0.63–2.81) | |
| 4–5 months | 1.63 (1.15–2.32) ** | 1.86 (1.33–2.60) *** | 1.82 (1.28–2.59) *** | 1.65 (1.01–2.69) * | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.10 (0.74–1.65) | |
| 6–7 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| >7 months | 0.61 (0.14–2.69) | 0.17 (0.02–1.46) | 0.26 (0.03–2.28) | 0.77 (0.22–2.76) | 0.98 (0.29–3.34) | 1.02 (0.30–3.46) | |
aOR—adjusted odds ratio; AS—added salt; ASu—added sugar; AS&Su—added salt and sugar; BF—breastfeeding; BLW—baby-led weaning; CF—complementary foods; CFI—complementary feeding introduction; CI—confidence interval; CF—complementary foods; EBF—exclusive breastfeeding; GDP—Gross Domestic Product; TSF—traditional spoon-feeding; * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.