Table 3.
Multivariate regression analysis models of factors influencing the use of added salt, sugar, and salt and sugar in the Austrian toddlers (n = 1783).
| Factors | Variable | 12–24 Months (n = 941) | 25–36 Months (n = 842) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AS aOR (95% CI) | ASu aOR (95% CI) | AS&Su aOR (95% CI) | AS aOR (95% CI) | ASu aOR (95% CI) | AS&Su aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Sociodemographic Factors | Toddler age: | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) *** | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) *** | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) *** | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) * |
| Maternal age: | |||||||
| <25 years | 1.67 (0.78–3.57) | 1.23 (0.64–2.37) | 1.27 (0.66–2.46) | 0.55 (0.16–1.82) | 0.68 (0.28–1.69) | 0.62 (0.24–1.55) | |
| 25–29 years | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.73 (0.42–1.28) | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | 0.82 (0.57–1.19) | |
| 30–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–39 years | 0.96 (0.63–1.46) | 0.88 (0.58–1.33) | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | 0.89 (0.52–1.54) | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) | |
| ≥40 years | 0.77 (0.32–1.85) | 0.85 (0.36–2.01) | 0.92 (0.39–2.19) | 0.64 (0.28–1.50) | 1.20 (0.66–2.16) | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) | |
| Maternal education: | |||||||
| Primary and vocational | 1.07 (0.73–1.59) | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 1.11 (0.77–1.59) | 0.85 (0.50–1.43) | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 1.03 (0.73–1.47) | |
| High school | 0.43 (0.19–1.05) | 0.65 (0.26–1.61) | 0.56 (0.22–1.46) | 1.58 (0.34–7.28) | 1.56 (0.73–3.35) | 1.44 (0.67–3.08) | |
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Parity: | |||||||
| Primiparias | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Multiparias | 1.61 (1.14–2.28) ** | 1.84 (1.34–2.54) *** | 1.85 (1.34–2.55) *** | 0.82 (0.52–1.30) | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | |
| Living area: | |||||||
| Rural | 1.23 (0.85–1.78) | 1.57 (1.09–2.27)* | 1.54 (1.06–2.24)* | 0.96 (0.58–1.59) | 1.13 (0.81–1.58) | 1.08 (0.77–1.51) | |
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Macroeconomic region (GDP EU-28 average): | |||||||
| 47–50% | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 51–100% | 1.17 (0.55–2.48) | 1.43 (0.75–2.73) | 1.52 (0.79–2.91) | 3.97 (0.89–17.66) | 0.36 (0.18–0.72) ** | 0.38 (0.19–0.76) ** | |
| 101–110% | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 111–130% | 0.85 (0.58–1.26) | 1.35 (0.93–1.96) | 1.31 (0.89–1.91) | 1.16 (0.69–1.94) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | |
| 131–150% | 1.16 (0.64–2.12) | 0.69 (0.37–1.27) | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 2.06 (0.86–4.94) | 0.63 (0.38–1.02) | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | |
| >150% | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | 1.31 (0.78–2.21) | 1.25 (0.74–2.11) | 0.95 (0.49–1.85) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) * | 0.58 (0.36–0.93) * | |
| Average monthly income per capita (EUR): | |||||||
| <1000 | 0.80 (0.37–1.70) | 1.00 (0.46–2.17) | 1.27 (0.57–2.82) | 1.53 (0.65–3.62) | 0.95 (0.51–1.78) | 0.89 (0.47–1.66) | |
| 1000–1500 | 1.05 (0.55–2.02) | 1.56 (0.82–2.97) | 1.78 (0.91–3.48) | 2.45 (1.16–5.18) * | 1.22 (0.74–2.02) | 1.21 (0.73–2.01) | |
| 1501–2000 | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 0.99 (0.54–1.82) | 1.26 (0.66–2.38) | 1.55 (0.81–2.97) | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 1.15 (0.71–1.85) | |
| 2001–3000 | 1.04 (0.56–1.92) | 1.21 (0.65–2.24) | 1.46 (0.76–2.78) | 1.60 (0.82–3.15) | 1.10 (0.68–1.80) | 1.10 (0.68–1.79) | |
| 3001–5000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| ≥5001 | 0.84 (0.22–3.17) | 1.59 (0.44–5.75) | 1.95 (0.53–7.10) | 1.58 (0.41–6.06) | 1.41 (0.57–3.47) | 1.22 (0.50–3.01) | |
| Feeding-Related Factors | Timing of CFI: | ||||||
| <4 months | 1.04 (0.42–2.55) | 0.57 (0.24–1.36) | 0.55 (0.22–1.34) | 1.75 (0.51–5.97) | 0.93 (0.43–2.02) | 0.80 (0.37–1.75) | |
| 4–6 months | 1.14 (0.74–1.76) | 0.91 (0.59–1.40) | 0.91 (0.58–1.40) | 1.66 (0.93–2.96) | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) | 0.89 (0.59–1.34) | |
| ≥7 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Complementary feeding method: | |||||||
| TSF | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 1.19 (0.83–1.70) | 1.13 (0.79–1.62) | 1.26 (0.75–2.10) | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | |
| Mixed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| BLW | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | 0.70 (0.39–1.25) | 0.69 (0.38–1.24) | 0.74 (0.39–1.40) | 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | 0.81 (0.51–1.31) | |
| Types of CF: | |||||||
| Commercial | 1.15 (0.65–2.04) | 0.82 (0.48–1.38) | 0.94 (0.55–1.59) | 1.39 (0.66–2.95) | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) | 0.84 (0.52–1.35) | |
| Homemade | 0.82 (0.51–1.33) | 0.73 (0.46–1.14) | 0.81 (0.51–1.27) | 0.79 (0.44–1.40) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) | |
| Family | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Currently BF: | |||||||
| No | 1.51 (1.01–2.25) * | 1.56 (1.03–2.37) * | 1.63 (1.07–2.49) * | 1.52 (0.78–2.94) | 1.24 (0.74–2.09) | 1.36 (0.80–2.29) | |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| EBF duration: | |||||||
| Never BF | 0.92 (0.46–1.82) | 1.52 (0.75–3.09) | 1.52 (0.74–3.09) | 1.92 (0.62–5.93) | 2.39 (1.16–4.95) * | 2.30 (1.11–4.79) * | |
| Never EBF | 1.47 (0.93–2.34) | 1.46 (0.94–2.26) | 1.31 (0.84–2.04) | 0.76 (0.41–1.39) | 1.53 (1.01–2.32) * | 1.42 (0.94–2.16) | |
| 1–3 months | 0.44 (0.21–0.88) * | 0.87 (0.42–1.78) | 0.63 (0.30–1.34) | 0.62 (0.25–1.55) | 1.66 (0.90–3.06) | 1.42 (0.77–2.63) | |
| 4–5 months | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 1.00 (0.62–1.61) | 0.93 (0.58–1.50) | 0.79 (0.41–1.50) | 1.53 (1.00–2.35) * | 1.45 (0.94–2.22) | |
| 6–7 months | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| >7 months | 1.81 (0.60–5.47) | 1.67 (0.62–4.51) | 1.78 (0.66–4.83) | 0.62 (0.20–1.86) | 1.47 (0.57–3.75) | 1.51 (0.59–3.87) | |
aOR—adjusted odds ratio; AS—added salt; ASu—added sugar; AS&Su—added salt and sugar; BF—breastfeeding; BLW—baby-led weaning; CF—complementary foods; CFI—complementary feeding introduction; CI—confidence interval; CF—complementary foods; EBF—exclusive breastfeeding; GDP—Gross Domestic Product; TSF—traditional spoon-feeding; * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001.