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. 2020 Aug 3;11:3870. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17688-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Studies were classified in soil biodiversity, function or biodiversity, and ecosystem function (BEF), according to the subject of the study (see Table 2). a corresponds to the number of studies that were not included due to the underlying data not being suited for this analysis (e.g., based on national level information) or data availability issues. Overall, ~72.6% of the total number of studies identified as suitable were included in the analysis ranging from 2004 to 2018.