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. 2020 Jun 27;8(7):180. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8070180

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in bladder epithelial cells. The bladders were removed from rats in the control, carcinogenesis, and ergosterol-treated groups, and the mRNA expression levels of COX-1 and COX-2 were measured using real-time RT-PCR and normalized to those of 18S rRNA. The data are presented as percentages of the mean value in the control group, which was set at 100%. The data show the mean ± SD from five rats per group. Tukey’s test, * p < 0.05 vs. the control group, ## p < 0.01 vs. the carcinogenesis group.