Table 3.
Literature found on biomarkers related with the citrus intake.
| No. | Compound | Related Compounds Found in the Literature | Citrus Fruit and/or Product Consumed | Bio Fluid Sample | Analysis Platform | Literature on Detection as Metabolite | Literature Demonstrating the Presence in Citrus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Synephrime hydrogen sulfate | Synephrine and/or other phase I/II metabolites | orange juice | urine | LC-MS/MS LC-ECD |
[30,52] | [49,53] |
| 2 | N-methyltyramine hydrogen sulfate | N-methyltyramine and/or other phase I/II metabolites | orange, grapefruit, orange juice | urine | LC-HRMS | [54] | [49,53] |
| 3 | Hesperitin hydrogen sulfate | Hesperitin and/or other phase I/II metabolites | orange, grapefruit, orange juice | urine | LC-HRMS LC-MS/MS |
[17,54] | [55] |
| 4 | N-methyl-proline | orange juice | urine | LC-HRMS | [21,25,27,28] | [56] | |
| 5 | Betonicine | orange, grapefruit, orange juice | plasma, urine | FIA-HRMS LC-HRMS LC-MS/MS |
[17,19,25,28,54] | [56] | |
| 6 | Stachydrine | orange, grapefruit, orange juice, grapefruit juice | plasma, serum, urine | FIA-HRMS LC-M/MS LC-HRMS 1H NMR |
[16,17,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,27,28,54] | [56] | |
| 7 | Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); LC coupled to electrochemical detection (LC-ECD); LC coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS); Flow injection analysis coupled HRMS (FIA-HRMS) and; proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)