Table 3.
An overview of interventions, tools, and characteristics of tools.
| Reference | Intervention Name | Delivery Mode | Description | Provider | Timing & Frequency | Dietary Guidance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson et al. (1995) [38] | Food for life | Written | Pack 1: Self-assessment quiz, information booklet, and shopping list pad; Pack 2: Personalized letter from a named doctor, recipe leaflet | Midwife | At inclusion and 26 weeks gestation | Specific food recommendations identified by examining the food selections in women with a high-fat intake compared to those with a low-fat intake |
| Ashman et al. (2016) [39] | Diet Bytes | mHealth | Image-based dietary assessment through Evernote app, training on how to use the app to record dietary intake, feedback via video | Dietitian | Dietary assessment weeks 1–4, feedback weeks 6 | Personalized content, including core and energy-dense, nutrient-poor food groups and intakes of selected nutrients, practical tailored examples of foods and serving sizes |
| Burr et al. (2007) [40] | Face-to-face, written, foods | Advice group: Advice and written information (leaflet), Voucher group: Received vouchers to be exchanged for free cartons of pure fruit juice | Midwife | 2L of fruit juice/weeks for 30 weeks | Focused on increasing the amount of fruit and fruit juice in pregnant women’s diet | |
| Dodd et al. (2018) [41] | SNAPP trial | Face-to-face, telephone, mHealth, written | Interactive smartphone application as an adjunct to standard face-to-face consultations, telephone calls, and written materials | Dietitian, research assistant | Face-to-face within 2 weeks of entry and at 28 weeks gestation, telephone at 22, 24, and 32 weeks, written at 36 weeks gestation | Dietary advice consistent with the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating—balance of macronutrients, reduced intake of foods high in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats, increased intake of fiber and of fruit, vegetables, and dairy |
| Evans et al. (2012) [42] | Text4baby | mHealth | Text messaging service, designed to build self-efficacy, knowledge, and skills | Not reported | Not reported | Fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin supplementation, alcohol |
| Hearn et al. (2014) [43] | Healthy You, Healthy Baby | mHealth | Website to provide women with convenient access to brief factual information, and an accompanying app with a self-assessment tool to track lifestyle behaviors and weight | Not reported | Highest self-assessment usage in first 2 trimesters | Individualized content (nutrition and weight) |
| Hillesund et al. (2016) [44] | Norwegian Fit for Delivery | Telephone, written, mHealth, group activity | A pamphlet on dietary recommendations, telephone sessions incorporating a woman’s own experience of which aspects of their diet and dietary behavior needed improvement, a cooking class and access to a password-protected website with recipes and practical tips on cooking | Nutritionist, nutrition students | Pamphlet soon after entry, two telephone sessions scheduled 4–6 weeks apart, one-evening cooking class | Ten dietary recommendations targeting energy balance, fruit and vegetable intake, consumption of water vs. sweetened beverages, and frequency and portion size of non-core foods |
| Jackson et al. (2011) [45] | Keep fit (Video Doctor) | Written, mHealth | Computer program delivered on laptops in clinic, including in-depth behavioral risk assessments, tailored counselling messages, and printed output for women and clinicians | Video-doctor actor | 10–15 min assessment, follow-up at least 4 weeks later | Individualized content focused on increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, increasing healthful versus unhealthful fats and decreasing sugary foods; weight gain |
| Kafatos et al. (1989) [46] | Face-to-face | Face-to-face nutrition counselling through home visits by trained nurses | Trained nurses | Home visits every 2 weeks | Not reported | |
| Mauriello et al. (2011) [48] | Healthy Pregnancy: Step by Step | mHealth | Computer-based modules addressing self-selected behaviors, including messages and feedback on stages of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and processes of change | Not reported | One-off, during wait for booking visit | Basics of nutrition during pregnancy, including food sources and methods for selecting a balanced diet, practical techniques, consumption of locally grown foods that have a high nutrient value and food preparation and preservation to reduce the loss of nutrients |
| Mauriello et al. (2016) [47] | Healthy Pregnancy: Step by Step | mHealth, written | Tailored iPad-delivered intervention consisting of interactive sessions focused on two self-selected health behavior risks (see above), and a printed multiple behavior change guide | Not reported | Approximately 25 min before regular antenatal visits, printed guide at first session | Focused on increased fruit and vegetable consumption, written materials address nutrition and healthy eating more globally (exact content unclear) |
| Moniz et al. (2015) [49] | mHealth | Text messages about general preventive health measures in pregnancy | Not reported | 12 weekly text messages | Individualized content focused on fruit and vegetable consumption | |
| Piirainen et al. (2016) [50] | Face-to-face, foods | Detailed dietary counselling and provision of conventional food products with favorable fat and fiber content for use at home | Nutritionist | Visits at each trimester | Daily vitamin use, dietary discretion | |
| Rissel et al. (2019) [51] | Get Healthy in Pregnancy (GHiP) | Telephone, written | Evidence-based written resources plus a journey booklet to record progress and health coaching calls | Various HCP (e.g., dietitians, exercise physiologists) | Start of both arms between 12 and 22 weeks gestation. Information only arm: one 20–30 min call, telephone-based coaching arm: up to 8 calls | Focused on the amount and the type of fat and the amount of fiber in the diet, consumption of fruits and vegetables, wholegrain bread and cereals, leaner meat products, low-fat cheese and milk products, vegetable oil or soft margarine, and fish |
| Warren et al. (2017) [52] | Eat Well Keep Active | Face-to-face, telephone, written | A brief counselling session incorporating motivational interviewing and individual goal setting, personalized magnetic goal card, and follow-up telephone call | Researcher trained in MI | 10–15 min Counselling session at approximately 16 weeks gestation, goal card sent within a week, 5 min telephone call two weeks after initial session | Dietary advice consistent with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, recommended weight gain during pregnancy, micronutrients (e.g., folate, iodine, iron), foods to avoid, portion sizes and serves, healthy plate and food labels |
| Wilkinson & McIntyre (2012) [53] | Healthy Start to Pregnancy | Group activity, written | Workshop (capacity 15 women, +/- partners), including screening tools, information and behavior change strategies and links to more specialized services, and a healthy eating during pregnancy booklet | Dietitian | Booklet at their booking visit, one 60 min workshop session | Individualized content |
| Wilkinson et al. (2010) [54] | Pregnancy Pocketbook | Written | Interactive resource, with evidence-based information, screening tools, goal setting and self-monitoring activities, and referral information. | Midwife | Pocketbook delivered at booking visit | Fruit and vegetable intake, fat, fiber and overall diet quality, healthy weight gain |