Table 3.

Exosome extraction methods potentially feasible for clinical application. Some novel and cost-convenient exosome extraction methods, which possessed equivalent or higher exosome yield and purity compared with ultracentrifugation, were summarized in terms of time, source, minimum volume of biofluid, exosome quality identification, technical principles and clinical field applied

Extraction method	Time	Source	Sample volume	Quality identification	Principle	Clinical field
Vn96-peptide-based	1.5 h	Plasma, culture media/urine	1 ml	Proteomics	Vn96-peptide binding to heat shock proteins- based affinity capture	Breast cancer151 Prostate cancer152 Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies184
Exosome total isolation chip	5 ml/h (culture media), 1 h (plasma)	Culture media, plasma, urine, BALF	10–100 μl	miRNA sequence, proteomics	Nanoporous membrane-based filtration	Lung cancer153
Anion-exchange -based	30 min	Culture media, plasma	500 μl	Proteomics	Anion-exchange-based magnetic beads	Prostate cancer154
Microfluidic chip	Overnight for device functionalization, <20 min for capture and release	Culture media, serum	<100 μl	Proteomics	CD63/CD9 and EpCAM based immunoaffinity capture	Ovarian cancer148,185